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1



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תһ壬ϣٶȽ硣Ů˵ͣҶУҵĶĤ˵ 
г˳ֻĽ4ӵĹŶںܸ컨Էķʽӣ̨̨Χлդ̨е֮ϡխ֣ŵǼүưɡ 
˯ʱŹشʪȹߵĿϢشһ°¶ӿ롣 
ֵͻȻֹͣ˯ 
һµĶҿʼ˿ʼŪȡãһȲϳ 
𴲣ѽ׽Ь߳ŵشԽֵļүưɡ 
һ־ƿͿҪѡһȣ¶ĿĸѡȫˡˡΪס·ĳҪȥҲ˶ӣγһƬһе˺ѹΪҪӵע⣬һַֻŵϣȲͣؽš 
е඼׼ͣмֻһխͨСڵȺͨĳŶӵʮ·ڣɳ־õģ˵Ļҡ 
ɢشӼүưɳһĸˣȫһҲζϵϵŮɣͬʱԷ˵ͬʱعŵƵľư档 
ݳ˻֣š 
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˵һһŮȫûо̸šóһ֧ʣóһ±ܿʲôԷ¾ƱҲʵĵطֻּסƱסһļ±һֻдš 
ҪддˡŮһȹŲæ߹еߵ·ϣ 
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4˳˴ǰһվȥҪؼңΪʱ硣 
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ůĺڰ󣬷쵱ʱôӡһһڸСݳԷھưɺȾƣҲһСʱ䣬ڶԽּүư 
ȴǿҹůͣ˯ˡ530ѻԼϵϡһûڶԽף˶ѾؼҡխֶƬ̵İ˯磬Ҳӳѡ 
660֣720֣Ҫȥӿ°ɯ 



 
2



Ϳ°ɯһģһǸŦԼʦǸֱۣ50꣬֫ĸ߸ӡòõȫڼʹ䳤һ㡣 
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ȣ÷ŰĻжϡ 



 
3



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4



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5



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һֻ֣޸ݷ©ܷģǸѾˡעʵé®ƴ󰸡һдɺ˾𼫴֮޸Ĳַɣ뿴é®ƴ󰸡 
˵ɱһˣ귨©ǲǳΣ𣿡 
һ򿴣ﱾӦôɷƾĳЩ֮öҷֵķ©һоܻиԸı䡣ʦҲ˱ǵȨ桭һϺ𣿡 
٣ı仰ÿ졣ⱾƳ̳Ŀ𣿡 
ǵġ 
Ҫ֪ʲô 
йÿһ¡ 
Ҳ֪࣬˹Ԣһ㡣 
м֣ûпڡ 
㿴ᡣ˵ 
ʵϲá 
25 
һ㡣 
ò̫ࡣ 
ûлش 
˹ 
˹һʱ䣬ռҵһҵ̸̸°¶Σʷ 
ϸؿңûЦݣҵʷ 
˵ֻǸ㼸οΪʲôʷرУǲӱʲô 
˺ܾãҿԿַЦݣǺܴġ 
Ҵӿڴȡһ̣һ֧ 
һ̵ӣá 
Ұһ̴֧̺жһ롣ùĴָ˼£Ҹͬһ񣬵Ƕ˵̡Ƴ̳򳵴ȥǰһ㣬￿ҡ 
Ҫҵ𣿡ǮƳ̳˾ʡ 
ҿŷС㣬ʵҪҪȣ 
̺˵Ҫˡ漴ּһ䣺㷴һġ 
Ƴ˾͵ҿԵ10ӣյȺǮԶȥҲǿճ 
ˡ϶˵ 
ָһСѣ߹еһʯף䣬óţҴҿһ·ˣ׽Ƥ˳óԿ׿š 
ĹԢ2¥¥ȥԢ䣬Сָһ£˵ȥңţҪԻʱ䡣 
߽ԷŹϡ 
һ򿪣ҿ԰ͷ棬۾ԲƵĹ۲Χ 
סԢ̫ãڻûбֳĸԡ־ֻܶ࣬һǶʼġһҲûǰڵģԴסﲻ6ݡ 
5Ӻҳ˺ܾá˵סַûзʺ룬ֻд¥ơ 
óֱʺͼ± 
ֽĵطֻܲŮֱʡ˵䡭סڣรǵģ 
ô 
˵ûסַΪСһҪȥҵСӡΪУˣ뿪ʱסַҼҵСٵһ¡ 
ǷţصңһӺֳַһСӣϡ 
䣬֥Ӹ磬á 
з𣿡 
ûУŪˡֻ֪дƣûз롣 
˵⡣ 
ǣǰ칫ҵַûסҵַ 
˵ʲôģ 
⡣ 
ԣѻ᲻һ¡Ƿϵš 
Ц֪ҵͼ˵ŴõЩϢǣĻһܸ㣬һС 
˵һġ漴ֲ䣺Ǿѣôգֺ֡һ˽ӴбʲƲţҲԼǲҪҵˣǶϣȴӸֲͬһ¡ 
ЦţͻȻɳЦòһǴɵӡ 
Ϊʲô 
˵ҵһοַһصŲ̳ˡͨΪһŲ᰸ʦ˵ǱҵһλˣĳĳĶӣĳĳĳĳˣֻ֪֥Ӹ翪һӻꡣ̽ͳˣһ̽ʣԲС㣬ϲʶһλ֥Ӹ翪ӻ˵Ҳʶиѣ֥Ӹ⣬Ҫҵʲôӵģ̽˵죡Ҳ֪ʲôֻ֪һ֡һеķ 
ôأ 
Ҫġ 
˼ҵķڲͬ 
ǵģͬ 
һòٿ͡ڴʱһעתϣ˫üȫһ 
 
վߵűߣһ°Ŵ򿪡 
һ˵Ҹ㣬Ҳ뿪ҵģƫҪԡںãװģҡ 
ûſڿͻȻжϵʱ֪һ˵һ߽ͻȻֹͣ˵ΪҴģеԭ 
Ҳذͷת 
ϳ˭ˣҹ3룬ڼүưǰ棬ôɧŵҪ 
תһۣԺķÿ˵һ£л˵ 
ư͵رƵߵȫϡ 
Ҳֻʱ䣬֪һҪ졣 
Сʹһ¾סСϵš 
ŷϻŵַɫݣСʯǣʯ935ң˸С㡣 
Ҽſһ£ݣ 
 
װ죬󣬻һλ֥Ӹ㡣ҰĵַΪ˹ԭϣܶرãʹ°¶ʱʮ졣ȥõĲұ֤ҲкôΪ 

Ŵ򿪣һ˵ãһΣ²ٻţˡ 
ҰƻϡСؽʱ˸ڵֽ̡ 
΢Ц˵Ǹղʲô 
ûرĿۡ˵̸̸ѡ 
˵Ǹ̽ң˲ȰҹԢ壬ţôܽϴŵġ 
ס 
ô˵ 
ҰһԢ˸塣Ҳ͵¥µţֹԢţʲôΪʲôҪ͵͵Ȱ壬ͻȻ㣿 
ʵؼضЦ˵ҪΪʲô¡ҲѰ䡭֪Ķˡ 
ҽİʾվͬʱ˵Ƕлˡ 
㡭ģ 
ǵġ 
ޡ 
Ҳκ⣬ͻȻ˵ռ̫ʱˣϣûе󡭡 
Ҫûеʲôлл 
վ¥ݿڣ¥Ҵųȥֵǰϸ俴ЩͣŵĳӡλͻȻС㹫Ԣĸ߸ӡ 
㹻ʱһٿΪҵ10ӲһǵĿռƳ̳Ƴ̳˾˵Ƴ̳ٵġ 



 
6



ϻ¥ݣԿ״򿪹Ԣš 
°ɯɳϣſֱǰ죬ſһŵϣڴ 
ҰĴƴ򿪣Ӥ 
˵ʲôʱԷ 
ͻȻתգֻСۣΧԼ˭ʲôطΪʲôͻȻ뵽ˣ۾ңȥˣһ 
ڹ 
ЩʲôΪʲô֪ 
ھҪ֪ 
١мñش 
Щʲôʵ 
ɯ˵Ҷˡ 
Ϊʲô 
ȥ˼Ҳ 
ȥ˲ 
ԭֻǿҲ֪ʲôʱܻ־°¶ôĵطȥ 
ʲô 
ԵĶǲɯ˵ַ񡭡١ 
ʲôԾࣿ 
̫ˣһΪʲôĵطڲе㶫³ĵط˵ˣӦҪֻɯѧߵĻôŷ˵˵˵ȻҪðѾ㣬Ѿ⡣Ҳ˶ݲ̫Ҵѡһ¡ӣûиꡣ 
ôԸ΢Цʡ 
Ҷ˵ȥġ 
ûСȥġ 
ûС겻ɢԲ߿ҪʲôôԡҪެѽԼţϡңǲ׼ެѽ˵ģΪʹĵġĵζ֭ġţϼެ֭ζܵ˲Ż 
֮أ 
֮ѽɯ˵ҰһˣʦҪţŵĻ˸ԼȥԺˣȻҲԼȥǮ 
ˣ 
ûߵſھͱǶסˣŪһ㣬ֻЭѾ¶ȥҸˡǿţŵȻ£ҼԼȥԡ 
֮أ 
ȫʵˡҾͻ˻;ڽֿСͣһ£һ͡ 
ǸԾݡ 
ǵġԾݡЩ۹Ĳѹ˿ͷǷȱʶĵλԽԽ 
Ҫ֪ϳĲòֻͣӭ֪ʿָ 
֪ǵط˹۹͡۹ͲҪӭϵĶ󡣺٣ָҳǣֲ׼ҳǣҸˣŶûС٣Ҫҡ 
ǻ¡óֽ֧̣ܺŦԼĺõ绰𣿡 
ܡ 
Ҳܣ 
ǵģסլ绰룬Ҳа칫ҵģʲô𣿡 
ǻ磬绰 
㣬ΪʲôҪ 
ҵˡ 
ɳһ°ѽԽŵÿЦɿá 
Ц 
 
ʥ˹һк幫Ԣ 
ʲô֣ 
Լı 
ɯ˵Сӣ̵ģôܰ쵽ģ 
ϰ취ȹ 
ûǸŮ𣿡 
Ƭһģһ 
ɯԼɳ𡣡ŵ˵Ǻãӣôҵģ 
һһˡ 
ĳ˵û㣬ҿɲ֪Ҫô졣á㡭㡭쵰 
ô£ 
۾˸ţĹԢһݣ 
ѽ 
ǰȥĻܲ˻صǮ 
벻ܡ 
С쵰Ҿ֪ר¡ʵ˵ŵһǣ浽ǮһһҲҪȥˣԢһ𡣡 
ֻ15Ǯ 
ֻ15Ǯɯװģѧ˵ͻȻתߣ˵15ԪǮǡ 
õ˵Ҫ¥ 
˵¥һˣŮ 
ŲͻȻֹͣ 
ҸϿ˵ȥţĹԢˡ 
ɯ󲽾䣬Ьõõ̺죬ַŰϣʵʲôˣ 
һò͵˵Ǹ㲻ʶһ⡣ 
ʲô⣿ 
㿪һţǿԲҪк 
ҿɯһ£ˣѵʹɯºСġһ£ƺоһܸǰŴˡ 
һ΢ЦɯϹȻ˵òˡһһ˵ɲôת 
ǰ˰ññӻͷϣ˫ĿϸɯͻȻңֳ桢ĺ; 
˿ڣǳԲҼ֪һЩϢ԰ҡ 
벻ܡɯ˵ 
ϴǸ߼ֹƵ·õխñɫձƷÿֵָĸ߼紺ȥμᣬɡšº͡ 
վŵˣһӦ̵·׳£Ҳ̫52ңزǿ׳ܾ 
ǰ˵ɯܲǽȥ⣬ϣⴱ¥ס 
ɯ񹷵·̬˵˵Ҳںж˵ 
ЦЦ罻һܺЦЦ۾עŰɯҰ׵ͷĵж̬ȣֻȤû 
ѽɯ˵· 
ԿڴóƬУҫŵسһƬҪɯͣڰ;˵Ҵɼո𣬸ơ 
ҿһ°ɯʲô롣ȻһҲûС 
˵ҪһЩй˵Ϣ 
ô 
ǰסط 
ʲôʱ򣿡 
Ʋ⣬Ӧÿ쵽3ˡ 
ɯһ˽˵ร˵ 
ǣסһ乫Ԣ˵ 
ǰ˵Ҳҿ԰һæҰ⹫ԢתøλŮʿŸǨҲס𣿡 
ǣסɼҵɼ˵ǰַǰסԢ 
ӿڴóһЩ۵ֽһ£ͷ˵ûд 
ĴӺãӦýʲôˡ 
û˵ 
ƺܿתߵǣط𣿡 
ûŵʱҾվء 
ƺܿĻҸղҷûҵϣҲסñȽϾãʶǰסķܸͣһϢ 
ɯ˵5Сʱ 
Ц˵סñȽϾõģλҪҪʲôһġ 
лл㡣˵ˡ 
°ɯԥһ£վŵһԡλ˽ţ䣬ߵڣ̨ 
ߵ˵Ǳ߾Ǽүưɡ 
Ц˵֪ҲǿķֵĴۣʧȥС 
ߵ˵ס˾ϰˡ漴ȥɯʲɳ£ѽ˽ŵʣ˵Ůʿں˳̰ɡ 
ûȰɯشóһʽЬһɯ˵ûϵ 
˵롭С㣬š̫̫ 
ڰɯܻش֮ǰ˵̫̫Ǹλ 
ߵǴ³ңҪԵĵϵһֻӬ 
˵ʵǣʵǰ̫̫뿪ҡǻ̫һ°¶⻹ǻ˲Ѳ֪ġ 
ǣûߵ˵ҷѾţŲ 
ƽȵҼԭΪ˽ǻܴ˫ҸʱҾĺ飬ʧˣ 
ɯϣ˵ˣòŸл뿪ˣϻһʹزҲ㣬ʲôϵ 
΢ЦţԲǆһ㣬˵ˡλǡʲô̫̫ 
˵ã˵⣬ΪҪȥʱ˾飬ߵҵѿͥƱʹ 
ǣûߵ˵һ־ɻؿңô֪ġ 
ڣԴ߿˵¸ˣ̫̫׼ϣ˵ԺƱûʹ 
ѽ˵ 
棬⵱ȻȫǻԣҺøԵʱʮ 
ǣûߵ˵1940꣬314գ3ʱҡţǲոǲסѲԢȵģҲ˵ǵġǲǸȣҲ˵ǵġҰѴƱƱһ״óſڣʽʹ 
ߵǼǿصվߵſڡ 
˵̫̫Ǹʱ°¶ڸָһƬ 
ɯҪԣϥᴥϥüͷŵ̺ʲô˵Ҷ˼ϣȷʵ֤ǰסȷ̫̫ 
ǵġ 
ƱҲȷʵˡߵǼһ䡣 
˵ҵ°¶Ҳż졣ܶ࣬°¶Ҳʮ졣֮ǰҾ֮ǰҾסڶǱһԢҲϳ̫̫Ƭ 
ϿҪģ֤ʱȷ°¶ͺˡ 
ݳ⻬Ƥ֣¿ڴóһŷ⣬ŷó3Ƭ 
ŬؼоЩƬҪʹԼӡ´μˣϵó 
ôϣ˵ 
˵룬ҼûʶȷǰһûҼǲǷס⹫ԢԺҲ 
ᴥɯҲúÿһЩƬûﵽĿģչҪûƬɯһѰƬȥһ˵Ҳһ¡ 
ҺͰɯٿЩƬһϰߣϲӱƬв²ĸԡŮͷͬһֻһıֱͦ۾˼ĶǵġŮĵҲ򵥣ޣЦԺ̫ǡҪЦĻ뵽Цô졣첻ֱǰƺ֮ԶһֿɽɷƬŮǸçײĶͽһϣڷһƣӮ˸ˣʧʱ򣬲ῼӮ෴ľȥ䲻顣 
̬͡ߡɫɫͬܶ࣬ǿԻ·š 
ɯƬͻظ 
ᡣ˵ 
ͷҪ10꣬Ҳ֮һҲҪ̫ǣǿû˼ǵסܻҵһǵõˡ 
ұǸﲻ̫æҸҲԺһʲôطԸ磿 
Ƭңƣ֤ȯף룬ҰƬŽڴ֤һƬŮӺ⹫ԢǰסʲôĻһ硣 
ߵ˵Դӵ绰ҵ֣ʲôڸȥǰĻҾͿˡҪʲôԺƱҪʹҲҡ 
˵ܺã˵Ӧÿʹ̫̫סģҪϸ֤ʱҲǼǳѵ¡Ҫ֤Ʊǲʹɸѡ 
˵Ҳôף̫̫ѾģΡлл 
ߵǵͷʾ⣬վ𣬸ߵٻһ⹫Ԣſڡͣ˵֪лǵİæ 
ǳţŹغú󣬰ɯ˵һϲġ 
˵ǵģϲ 
Ҫɵˡɯ˵Ҳָָߵǡ 
ޡ 
ոĨǵαӡɯ˵ûһôĵġľһαӡϲǸߵǡɸɴ࣬һҲˮ 
ѧߵǵĿǣû˵ 
ɯ˵ŵջϺס˶ըġߣȥ绰ҺʱӦûصŦԼˡǿţ 



 
7



緿ڣȺ;绰ӹܻ˵칫˽ڽС 
ɯܻ˵ǲ֪ʱɵңֻ֪ǽһؼңԡ 
Ҹ߰ɯǵȵʱҪҵ㶫ԣҳ͵ʱˡ 
ɯϣ뿪˵绰ʱϣе㶫ˡ 
绰ͨѵҹˣͬʱ۰Ѳ͵ɯһ£ҳҵţֻͣҪϺ̡ 
֪Ҳ￴ԡ˵ 
ҵͷʾ⡣ 
ۺĵʣֻҪһϺѽ 
ʲô˷մ򺣿ɯʵ 
ʴ򺣬ˡϷǳ˵ػش𣺡ʵĴҪǷڴ￾һζһش䷽Ľ֭ŷְָĴָʳָָ𣬱һȡ 
ġɯ˵ԿҰ򡭡һˡ㷨ҪڿŵţͿһ㣬һȣܶңܶǡ 
ǵģˡ 
ɯָָ˵ڿȡ 
˵ǵģˡλҪ𣿡 
ɯ˵ҳٿΡ 
ߺ󣬰ɯң˵ʲôƫʲôҲ˵ֻԼʵ˵һһ೤һѾԹͷˣٳһܳθˡ 
˵ԼôԼ¡ 
ǶԵġ 
Ҿһ˵ŵЩ£˵һ˵ 
ʲô 
˵һԽС쵰㲻ôǮ԰ɯֻùˡ 
ô 
ɯСģҪ˵Դ뿪ɼǹ˾ҵ񡣡 
ʲôҵ񣿡 
ɯ¶˲𴩵ӣǿ˸Ͻ蹫˾Ƕ£ܾ 
ʲô裿 
Ŀǰɯ˵һᡣǴˡв֣οС 
ҲΪʲô˵ 
ɯ˵ҾӦö෽չĿǰƷչ˭Ҳ֪ô 
Ϊʲô蹫˾ 
รһᣬҲзչ 
ͻ̫ҵš 
ɯһ죡˵кܶԴӺϻԺҺ̫ˡƽ״ﳣ룬ԴӶս󣬶һˣҲӦٶ顪ںãǿ㽨û˼һò㵣ġһ᲻ϸչҪæʱġʵ£ɯӦ 
˵ʲô֮ǰ绰ˡ 
ɯץ绰绰Ƶġܸδš 
Ͳյ˵ιιѽڸ绰รԼġ˼ã˵ģҪʲôãȻ֣Ҿ˵վˣеϢҪ㡭Եģ벻ɡҵˡں幫Ԣʥ˹ǣǣĺ塣ԡְҵܣܸ㡣˺ܶһҵһͨĲ۵ڲһǹ˶ҪǸ㣬һġûУһûк̸ŵСǵģҵĺϻˣŵ 
ɯͣ绰Էߴ¸ɯš˵ãǡҿԡ 
ңܿס֣˵Ҫȥ 
ʲôԣ 
ƿ˵ǵģ˽⡭ְضҵҪҺύõΣ֮ĵס 
Ҫע⡣˵ǳʡǧҪ֤һн 
ɯ绰˵ã˵Ҿҿȥǵģһŵһȥһȥʱ9ϰ࣬Ӧ8ҡǿüƳ̳ҪǸ˵Щʲô 
һ󾭹绰ָʾ򾭹ее䣬쵽Ҳ֮ɰɯ˵üˣһ֪Ҫõ绰㡭Ҷˡõģлл㣬Ҳ൱ʵǵģҲ߹㣬С񾭴ֵúܡãรһ£Ҫǵһн˵Ҹ㳤;绰ţ˵Ѵ绰ϣǴȥշѡҲţƭ㡭е绰㡭ãټ 
ɯѵ绰ҶϣĴһеιιιܻܻǿ̫̫ǵģķǣ˷ˣҵҸղŹ˸绰ŦԼĺѾͨˡǸ绰šǵģšǣҲźͨˡġޣ죬ţҪתתȥţ 
ɯϵ绰ת˵죬;绰һţЩСһһѡķɻʲôطͣһ£ûǳԵĶôû֡ 
ۺܽš 
˵ 
ɯòʱϲܣҲڡ 
ѵǰһƣ˵ʲôʱҪȥ죿 
ɯ˵磬7һ׼ڴȡϣ׼ʱҲҪƳ̳વવĿյȳԳƱ㿴ҳӹͳ7𣿡 
׼ʱҸ 
ɯһֱ֧̣컨塣 
һŲ͵ɯÿһ˫ɿʥ 



 
8



7ʱɯļƳ̳ſڣҴӴɯô׼ʱе档ʯС۾ŭ 
ҹû˯ãʡ 
˯ͷ 
Ҹ߼Ƴ̳Ҫȥʥ˹ĵַ漴ʣôǲ̫ˣ 
˵ʱŮӶľŵġֹܵˣ 
ѵҹ˵ֹˣ 
ˣɯֹˣһѵŮˣ֮ͥ乴ģһȺèһֻǲݶϣǴϡ 
ûкú˯ 
ɯ˵û˯ұ֤һ¡ 
ʲô 
ʹ̨ϣҰЩúõѵһ١ 
Ӧô 
ɯ˵һˡһԾ˼ؼ˯ˡվҴЦ٩ҡ 
ô죿 
Һúõһ١ɯȻ˵ 
Ǿ 
ûС 
ֲûܺú˯ 
ɯ˵󳳵ò˯ʵò˯ 
ҪҪǸԢ 
ɯɵˡѾѽ 
֪סһ˯ϹԢʲô˼أ 
ɯƬ촽˸һͣһҰ㹷һһŶһ죬˷ѵϰԻʹǲ 
ǲ״𣿡 
ǲЩˡɯæ˵һֱһܲá飬ϣõǮά˵ҵ̶ֳȣ֪ҿ°ɯ̫̫һġ 
˵棬档֪Ʋʱ򣬻Ǯʹ˷Ķˡ 
ͷת򳵴װۿʥ˹Ľ־ҡһ£˵л𣿡 
Ҳ̵ϡһ·û˵ֱ幫Ԣ 
ýгӵšҸ߰ɯһӺ٣Ҳǲ̫á 
ǿܻ൱ãɯٱҪõöࡣǲõȺεળǳƱ 
ɯƤ˼Ƴ̳ѣ˵￴ǰ壬ҪǽȥˣߡҪûǽȥǾǻȥ 
˾رһëСѿۣһ˵ǵģˡһ氲Ⱥ 
ɯҵơ족е壬ذţһҪѹҸ 
ûɯ˵Ļ˵Ҵºһˡط3Ӳء 
һָѨƵѹϰť 
ˆꡪҰһƣžͿˡɯת֣мƳ̳ȥ 
ǿʼ¥ݣɯ165أǰҸ棬 
ɯ˵֮𿪿ڣ˵ 
ʣ׼ҪЩʲô𣿡 
ǵģ֪ϣЩʲôŵҿ°¶¥ġֱŰˣ 
˵ߵڶš 
ɯ¥ݣߵ׼Ҫţͣסˣ־һûΪſŰ硣 
˵˼ǻӭԼȥ˵žȥ 
һ¡˵һץס⡣ 
ΪɯһƣԼ򿪡ҿһ˫˵Ľάһλáʹʬ¶˳ʬһϣһԵϡͷڵϣһֻڰ棬һֻڰšһаĺɫѪҺزһδ۵ġףڵϡһֻս˵棬óǹ豸ʬԵϡ 
ɯ˵̵ģ첽ǰ 
ץס⡣ʱþȫ 
ʲô˼ɯʡ 
ʲôҲشֻƴ 
һʱϱ۾ˡ 
úܴ˵ҿڼҡһ治⣬һֱ¥ݷ 
һµԭܵñ˭졣е̺ߵϣٵƶš¥ͷϣͣһȰʼļݡ 
ҲִٵϣŰɯǽԣʥ˹ߡһۿŹԢĳڡ 
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¡˵Ҫ߽ⷿ䣬Ͳų 
վڵϣŭ˵˵ʲôѽ 
㻹ۣʣ˰ǽšְſһǽȥ 
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˵ܡȺʲôܻ᲻ࡣٲȻɱڵȵڶߡ 
СңԽԽ£˵̵ģǸ˵ˣС쵰 
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һ뷿Ͳͬˡ 
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һȥͿ˭ˡǲڵ㣬ܷ뿪ˡһǾˡ 
ɯ뵽ղΣչ̣е֮У˵ûˣ 
ȻмҲǿõ绰⻹Թ۲⹫Ԣſڣû߳ 
Ǹ˭ɯʣʶ𡭡ˣ 
Ҽ 
ʲôط 
ҹС㡣ĳżȻģܻӭġ֮ǰһһΡ 
￴ 
һ˯ţ̨ӶԽ־ưɳŮ˺һһǡ 
ɯԾʹ½Ϊʲôǰһ˯šʣǲǳһ㣿 
ǰһţڳǷˡ 
˵á 
Ҫ˵¿ЦΣյúܡ 
˭˵ڿЦÿֶԱġǱ 
˵ǵģҵķ 
ʲôķ 
˵㿴 
߽Ҵϰ壬ܴܲҴ绰Ƴ̳ұԼ绰г 
ָϵĹõ绰ָҼƳ̳е绰롣߹ȥ롣Ƴ̳б֤2ڳᵽӵ绰ڣһǿõ칫Ԣš 
ҵţȵƳ̳˸绰ܾ֡ģ˵б𣿡 
С 
˵ʥ˹幫Ԣ 
ô 
204ŷ 
ôʲôˣҪʲô 
ҪǹԢһıɱ׽֣ȴɱһҪɱ 
ʲôˣʲôڱ 
ϣ 
ۭۭʲô 
ϣա˵벻Ҫ⡣Ҫˡҹϵ绰߳ȥ 
ɯһ߳ȥסƳ̳Ҹ棬ûмһ 
ȥĶ˾ʡ 
ɯ׼Ҫ˵ˣǰ档վ 
ǿڳϣɯҪÿ뿪ʱᴥвǡڷˣ 
ڳվǸǮƳ̳ɯ복վһڳȥƳ̳˾˵ε磬 
һһ·ɯҪڣҸеԼըҩװãʱԱը 
ǵε磬Ҵɯһǣһ£ԼϣƵ˵ԽˣʲôԡֻǲҪ̸ȥһСʱڷһС 
ɯ˵ϼָʲô˵ʲô˵ 
˵ǵĿǰΪֹÿһжһ׷ٵġڿʼҪôжرҪ 
ɯм˵Ҫ׷ǲǶ׷ġ 
ҵȺ򵽹ְ̨Ա۹⿴ǷʱվƵ΢Цʱϵķɻ˿ͣǷȰʿӡ 
ǵģ°೵30ҵ 
ǿ𣿡ǫͣȷ̬ʡ 
ûйϵȷ΢Цػش 
ڰɯԱߣְԱע֮鱨̯ϣӣƽаɯҲߵٻԣһµǴٻ꣬ϡ 
ȥɯʡ 
ȥ磬ãǨ 
Ǩȥ 
ҪȥǹԢ 
ˣ 
ǣŻö齣ҲǴ 
ɯ˵ô£صúɱһ 
ҪΪ롣 
ƾʲô 
˵йǻȥУ˵һݷùԼ˵˽̽ҪһƲӡСӼˡ°ʱƳ̳һ뿪ʱ̽Уǻ༵š 
ãô£ȥˣ°ɯʡ 
죬һش𣬡һܱǿǹ֡ڶͦʬڹԢûпĵطڵȵľ 
ɯ˵ΪõķǳƳ̳ܾ֡ȫʵ 
ͣתָһƳ̳˵Ƴ̳㽲 
ԥš 
ѽ 
ҿ̫ã˵أ 
ǲ̫á 
Ϊʲô 
ܶɡ 
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˵ͨ 
ʲô˵ͨ 
˵ͨ 
Ϊʲô 
˵ɼǹ͵°¶ҷ졣Ϊʲôͽһ°¶̽£ 
Ϊ˸ǽܣġ 
ĵ뱾ˣĵǴǮ÷ѣǳѡ 
ʱڷҸǶ쵽ܸˡ 
ãģҪҷ죬ǣԼʼ֪Сģô 
ɯɴ۾ңһŵӣԼ˿ʯͷϴ˾Ƶġ 
ҽʵѽ˵ 
ŵǷˣΪʲôһҪôԶɼ50Ԫһ죬ټ20Ԫһ㻯°¶һ˵ʧ٣ʵûʧٵŮأ 
ǡ˵ΪʲôҲƳ̳ȥ֮һҪȥԼȥҪǹȥƳ̳ѡ 
ҿʼǵ粽С 
ɯ׷ҵĲҲôѽ 
ֻǲԸȥѡ 
׽㣬˵ɱô죿 
ұˡ 
ɯһ¡ 
첻ϲֱǲϲ㡣 
ҲûҪϲѽ 
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ǵʱתǵע 
ʲôתע 
Ʃڷ֣һıɱע顣 
ɯԶظҵĽŲϸ롣 
һʱ󣬰ɯ˵ŵ˵ĺ£Ҳš 
ļ£ 
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˵Ծݵߣͷ죬Ӽүưɳ 
ȷû 
Ӧûдݵû֣˵λе㶫 
ʲôʱ򣿡 
1֮ǰ 
֪ʲôˣ 
֪֪ʲôˣΪ֥Ӹ 
ɯ̾˵ҺͿˣϲ飬ҿûȤ 
һҲû̫Ȥһϲϲ⣬һǳ⡣ 
ɯ˵Ҫ绰һ̯ơҪ 
ãҴĻ㲻ҪǣһҪǵ飬ΪʲôͣʲôڹǣֻһĿģȥҷ졣 
ɯڻ·ϣһֱ£ڽʱ˵һ£Ѿˡ 
ʲô£ 
ҵ˷죬ҪģҪԼҪɼˣ蹫˾ºҪ 
ν˵ 
ɯֱ̨߽ȥ˵°ȥݻ𳵼㿪 
ְԱЦ˵ҪǱͷлʱ̱Բǿ̫̫ɣ 
ǵġ 
˿ͣǨİɣ 
ǵġ 
ְԱ˵з籨㣬Ҫ˻صž֣ҿҲǵģã 
ɯõ籨ŷ⣬УʹҲԿݣ籨ǰһ֧ɣǣ绰ɻ棬Ī 



 
9



һ뿪̨ɯһо籨ݡ˵Ҳ쵽ˣаŦԼֱɣû˵һɣ֧һʱ;ͣµĵط 
ֻ˵ɻ棬Ϊɻ̫ԭ򡣡 
˵Ҹ̸ 
ɯͻȻȫȷͳͳԸɯҪŻƱɻɼ纣ֻ˵ɯսڷ񣬱ǰȥ£ҪҪ̸أ 
Ҫ 
֪һ͹ˡ˵ 
ҵȥ𣿡 
ҪȥжΪûаʵȫ㣬㿪ͷԼȥβɯҪȥҼԱ˺· 
ԢԿѾˣҿܻá 
ҰѶߺԿ׷Կ׿ϣټ 
һţҿһƳ̳ͷҲûлء 
Ƴ̳ߺ߽úõسһͣص䣬һֻεһֻϣһݱֽȺ١ 
10һ 
Һֵغÿѽ 
촽¶еЦ˵ûдûϵλ٣̫̫أʹ棬˵Ǩˡ 
ǵģн¼ٻˡ¹ 
รǻֹѽ 
û˵ 
㰵ʾ˵ 
˵ҶԺϻҵûȫûֹ 
еĻҲϡ 
ܲᡣ 
֪Щ͹ˣڣһǺʧġ 
˵ѾûˣȻҵˣʣֻԼշˡ 
Ȼ˵ûдǹÿ죬Ǹҿ̫̫7Ǩģ˰ɣ 
ûУϲߵġ 
Ǩˡ 
˵ǵģڷŪ˸ԢΪǱǵĵģǱߣסߡ 
รԢ 
޷ȷ㣬·ңһ·ȥ߹հ䣬ִһ·֪Է첻Ϥ 
Ϥ 
ֹԢǧƪһɣһġ 
ô̫̫ǲ빤ģֻûҶѡ 
ûʹɣ 
ûС 
˵Կͻṩġ 
ҴҿһۣҾ沿ûб顣 
ͷС̸𣿡 
ϳı飺㲻Ǵ籨һжҪһ𣿡 
Ҳ˼˵Сסʥ˹ĺ幫Ԣ 
ǵġ 
ȥһΣù𣿡 
ùˡ 
ȥȥ 
˵Ҫڳ𣿡 
Ҫ 
ǽƳ̳幫Ԣĵַһ룬˾תͷ˵ǹԢǽϷıɱĵط𣿡 
ʲôԢ 
幫Ԣ 
ȫû˵ʲôˡ 
Ҳ֪һˡ 
˵գҴûйյѣʲôģ 
Ǹʦ 
֪ıɱ𣿡 
˵0.38ھһһ 
סǹԢ 
ǣ˷һ椶ķ 
 
Ҳ֪˵椶һй 
Ǹôˣ 
ʧˡ 
㲻üǵְɣ 
ǵáˡһ£һСӸ߹ң뿴ˡԣ򵥵֣աշԣ졣 
һΪǹɣ 
ô룬Ҳ֪ڽŶӵȿ˵ʱĵģиͬУҹгȥӰʦգ˵ֳһ㡣ˣ¥ö೵ 
˵ʲôҸǰͷ֣㿴ôô˵ȥһˣͷûˣ幫ԢˡҲϲĵط̸⣬ֵĲܶġ 
˵öԡ˵ 
Ҷ˾˵ôغʥ˹ͣǶ¡ҿ棬ýϴԺ˵ں幫ԢĿͻ췴Ҳ˼̸⡣һæźסҸǣ١ 
ãһġ 
֮˶δ˵Ƴ̳һֱؽ֣˾ʣҪҪҵȡ 
ҪǿҪһСʱϡ 
ҸСѣѳߡ 
ô죿ʡ 
Ƴ̳سȥ 
Գ˼ӦҳйⰸӵһУûа취羯죬Ƕӡ 
ٷ֮ûϣҸһˮ 
̽粻һ𣿡 
治һȥ 
һӣҵļƻȫˣȷҽҵķ죬Ƭķ𣿡 
ǵġ 
ϣ֪ 
Ҳ⡣ 
ŵ㻹ҵõ𣿡 
пܡ 
Ͽˣ˵ھҵ֮ǰ 
Ҳ 
ʲô 
Ŀǰ֮硣 
·ڵţܼʱű 
һϳ֪ϳһɲǣ˾ҽҲκλᣬһֱͷŴ档 
ٴξ幫ԢʱǶ쳤˲ڿſڻкܶ೵һСվſڣ̸ָָš 
˺ҪĻᣬһҪŦԼȥˣһ㸺𡣡 
˵ҿҸ䣬˯һ㲻ŦԼطȥ 
ҷҲ˯š 
˵°ɯǨĹԢĿǰţǨϢǲ磬Բ˳㣬԰Źϣ˯ͷ 
ҿóġ 
⻹һ㣬˵һǼ乫ԢȤס£ʱõǸȡ 
ȷһǿ룬Ǵ˺˿ȱ˯ߵ۾һŴֳȤصҵģ 
ǱҵЩǵġ 
ǳƵ˵ҳЩһֻȫעèͷӥ 
ЦЦ 
ҲԷС֪ûҪһ㣬ֻûиҡ 
ĿҪҵ𣿡 
ǵġ 
ˣҵˣֻ֪Чǲñ桢ȵûõĶǿͻ 
µһڳеλãһǳرˣʵ˵Ҳ֪ôʱ䣬ҵϢ 
˵³ˣǲУ5ӡ 
ԹŶҾߣʽ컨ķ䣬Ȥ̨߳棬ϣ߻ƼѹԴ˵ǳãǳãҿϢ˵﷽ס˼ 
ҸϢһ¡뿪ߵϣһƫƧĵ绰ͤϣ˴š 
һ˰СʱСʯǵһ˽̽磬֪СʯǱʯ935ҡַǸдŸʱõġֻһʼĵַһİ칫ңҵ˺ܶС칫С͵˹˾ģҵӦټԱ鼰ŷŵַ 
ҪַдţҵתǸСĵַǾй©ġ 
ڵ绰иСʯǵ̽̽һ֧Ʊ߳绰ͤ 
ڽҵһҴʹֵУҵС㣬ʵܸܲټһҵżӡ1000ݣ 
Ȼû⣬Դ͡ 
С΢Цһ֧Ǧֵ飬׼ˣͿԿʼ 
˵׼ˣǿʼɡ 
ҿʼŸ壬ټ 
 
װķˣ 
һλѸǣһ˫ȡϣǿҲϣǿ 
֪ǲսǰһõ˿˿࣬ȫȫȱ 
ܷģֻܵģӦ㼫˿˿ࡣվ͵Ϯ۵ʱһձ̴ͣīһۿڣһȫԭĻƷ˿ࡣ˿˰ī縶壬ͻи˰˿īֱʼģɴʰ˿࣬Դ30졣30˿ٷ֮⣬һǰ˿ͬǮκγ˿ȱݻƷʲϣԿ˻Ĳȡ 
ַ룬ͺżϲɫڸƷޣ磬һҵΣ 

С̧ͷ˵ 
˵¿˿Ʒڹ˾⵱ȻҪɫͺŶձһſհ׸Щһס 
Ҫٷݣʡ 
1000ݣҿһ£ȷ1000ݡ 
ңϸؿǺãܸңڸʲô𣿡 
ֻۿû˵ 
˵±䷢ܾǰ˿֯ƷнֹڵˣЩ˿࣬ôܴձģ 
΢Ц˵ŵˣҪһҾûϷɳˣǸ˽̽ǸĻҪһ˴һͨѶַѬ 
ִϵµؿңһŵݣҿóӻɱ˵һҾˣǸ˽̽ 
ǵģǧҲеˡ 
˽̽˵ҲǸܺõְҵӦΪٲŶԣţҪݣ 
ݣҪ̫ãŪɣŪһ㣬ӡ˼ǧƵģյ󼸷ݣŷⶼҴãһݼĸС㣬ɫݣСʯǣʯã935ңһݼĿ°ɯ̫̫ɼѩã˽̽硣 
ЦѴǰ˵취ЧģСʱٻһоͿɰˡ 
һֻֽʼš 
Ҹһ߳1ݵ1籨һ￴ıɱϢ 
ֽû鷢󲿷ص㶼Ѿˣһλʦڷ칫Ԣ챾ʧ٣ǳһе飬ûȥϰ࣬ԢµƷʹԸ뿪뿪ҲܴæûЯ·˪ˢƤƤûд򿪵طױ̨ϣƤǮҲԿףΪ뿪ʱûǮҲ޷ԼĹԢΪ24Сʱڣ˻ᷢʬԼ򾯷סһֿǹɱʦǹвȷߣһǷؼңʬ棬񾯷ˣˣȻеֿԣǷԼǿǹˡ 
ԵģĿǰӵһ 
ȫڵһλᣬʱˣҸװһǰſڵȺ°࣬˳˼Ƴ̳ȥĿ֤ƸԼ55룬130ɫҸſװذƤЬɫ׵㡣 
ʦִҵ5꣬33꣬ͬ½ԶĲܼͥʱ֮飬ʮֳʦ˫ţֳһˣ37꣬ĳϹ˾ҪְԱʦԵã޳ˣ¼˽Ը⡣ 
ıɱΪ0.38ԶǹֻһǹʵϣҲֻһǹʬ˵ģʬλá˫ֵǹľ뿴ǹıɱɱǹֳϡ粻е˫йͬɱѳԼδִԼ֮زز 
ĿǰȷʱΪ峿230֡ڿǹʱͷΪû˱ǹǹʵʽһˡ 
ǵưɵŮӦʱ÷ңĹԢͷС㹫Ԣԣֻһߵʵǽ峿ңҪԿ׷ŽٽִŵʱΪǹλؼҵѣʱڳϿƽҡСԣλǷǹλѶûӵ顣Ϊǹѱͷ޶ȣʹڳλѣǹվñȽϽ 
λʹСΪǱ𴦹ȻҺСǹرһʱ䣬ʱʱΪ235֣ƾǹᳬ5ӡ 
û𾯷λᷢװġ 
йصıʽܾûü֪ 
ҿ걨ֳֽ֧̣صС 
Сҿõţҿһ顣 
ΪЧ 
˵ҲΪ1˿ˣȻЧ 
˵˿Ʒڹ˾Ҫһַ 
3ԪǮ1£ʹ칫Ϊͨŵַ۶շͬ˵ 
Ҹϣܱܡ 
ҶҪ˵ʲôģ˾ʲô˸ʲô磬һϣұ졣 
ǵġ 
λô죿 
ʵʵ˵ 
˵ʲô 
㲻֪ʲôҲ֪ҴӺζ 
һ룺˵ùȥܺãա 
ҪƱ̧ͷáֳյһµ3ԪӴֵȷá 



 
10



һص磬صԼ䣬һδֽ̣ʼ˼ 
°ɯ°¶ɼ·ϡһڰ칫ҡʱ̽ҪϢΪˡ 
绰Ҫһкų;绰5Ӻ绰ͨǳʽ 
硣ŵ 
˵ػ˸˵ޣŵԱ˵°¶绰ΪǰɯʲôϢ 
ඡ 
ô˵ 
ɯ˵ھӪսйص⡣ 
㲻֪ 
֮ǰҲ֪ 
ѿʼ6ˡΪ֪ġ 
Ҳ֪ʲô 
Цţ˵һжΪǮ 
磬˵ɯܾˡҷԸ;绰ѣ㶵Ȧ˵ű߼ʵĻʲô飿 
ŵģȥ 
磬ĻƢġ˵ 
뿴ͻȻ˵㲻𣿰ɯΪʲôҪȥս⣿ǰɯΪʲôҪȥԼˣҪҪңҪҡҪݹҲʧҵˡҺ㲻ͬǰϰ塣 
ǲֹҲۣ 
绰Ƕûл 
ǲǣصʡ 
ɼüˡ˵ҲҲø㣬ΪǾ»ܡ 
ǻ𣿡 
ȻǡϢȫ԰սʤһҶûע⵽ɼ̻ᾭôӡˢƷɭֵ9687Ķɭ֣Щƽֱ18硣ÿ໥10ߣǴġЩƽ߶ȡ 
3ӵˡԱ岥˵ 
Ҹ߰磺ټ 
ټŵ 
Ǵҿѵ绰Ҷϡ 
Ұѽεһϣ˼ 
绰졣 
𻰻˵һСĵ˵𣿡 
ǵġ 
̽ɼа칫ңǿ˽̽һԱ 
ûд 
Ҫ㡣 
 
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ʲôˣ 
˵Ǽ档 
죬Ҳǵˡ 
Ҿ֪ˡ 
Цˣĵ˵ɡ 
ҷ»ҵñӣ£䣬ȷԿڿڴ߳ţѷϣһߵߵݳڵĵط߹ݳڣתһ䣬ͣµȺ 
һݿ˼ӣҴӹսǴСĵ͵͵ߵ 
ֻһˣҴҵߵ߹ȥӰ죬Ǽ粿ĶʹҸе⡣ұΪ绰ǾģҪ֪ڷУ硣ҿֻһˣ˵ȷǼģ⣬Բ֪˭ֱת 
Ǹơ 
ڶҷŵʱվԡร簲 
еʧ˵Ϊڷ档 
ңΪʲôҲŻ 
ҵñӡ¡䣬˵ҷʶҲŴ绰ķ䡣 
Ūˣ 
ᣬСĵضܻ˵Ҫʲôˡ 
˺һŵ˵˽绰ˣ 
ͷҿԿͻȻ˾ 
˵ܲ򵥡ҷס⣬뿪ſڣȥİȫԱ 
С͵ 
˵ҲѲҷ䡣û㱨ɣ 
ҿ۽ǵļһ£ûУ뿪 
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Ҹ߷̫̫̫̫ס乫Ԣ˵3֮ǰס¡˵Կһ£һȷҡҸҪ֤ˡҰȵƬָϡ˵ס⹫ԢﲻƬеŮˡһҵڸʲô̸̸ţ֪ǰȥʱƬЩƬǰԢˡ 
ּ˵⵱Ȼܳ⣬Ҳ˽⡣¥ϣҵ㡣㲻ҸƴšһҪҹҸұ¹£ǼԸؿšΪǸŮ˻档ǸûˣҸ뵽ô档 
˵Щʲô˵˶٣ 
Ҹҵ̫̫3ǰǸԢסһʱ䡣ר֤ʱһſͥƱʽݵ֡Ҳ㽻̸һҪټһ档 
ô˵ 
˵ҪԵҡ˵û¡˵Ҫʲô飬һǳõ˽̽ᵽ⣬ۼߡϸһ룬еֵֹġּ㡭㡭 
ڶ滨ʡ 
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ġ 
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ΪȽ˶࣬ 
㷿Ǹô죿 
˵ȥİȫԱ 
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ҹЦ˵һ֪̫ˡ 
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ԲᡣǰöΡǼҳ㷹 
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ǣֻҪһ⣬ЩҲϣ¾Ͳױܡ 
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˵ҪģǼ鰸úʽӷԺм¼ֻһȴ֤ʵѡ 
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ô㲻˵֪𣿡 
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ޣֽˣ𣿡ʡ 
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˵˼˵оо 
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ڵ̫̫֪𣿡 
֪Ҫ֪һðɡߵǼѴƱʹһŮˡҲ֪飬ʲôأ 
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ԸǮƸҶ֤ݡ 
Բ𡣡 
վ˵סڵԼӵʱ򣬼緢ֶõ֤ݣһܿġ 
˵̽ΪµĻ㲻ؿģ˵Ҳ㡣 
Ц˵˵ 
֣뿪硣 



 
11



ưɼҹܻȺڷ;ưҹܻ֮һС̨㡱ˡŸŮ̡ؿó3ͨġǰʮƬĿǰ㡱Ĺ档 
ʱ磬롰ԶͷŮطɢڸһЩˣһЩԱġԽ곤Ĺ۹ԡܲһ¡̬һ 
ΪԼһӣҪһƼӿ֡עıҺ壬ͻȻįı顣 
ûӣһŮ߹ӡ 
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񻰣㿴Ҫһ˸ˡ 
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ͣҶ棬⿿αϣȺ롣û뵽һΪվΪվʱеı顣 
ưɡ˵ 
˵ѽһ۹ţϣŮܿʿƵڣʱɳֵġ 
ʿɼˮľơ 
Ҫʲôҡ 
Ѿˡ 
˵Ůʱ1ԪǮԽ2ơûŮʱ1ԪǮ1ơ 
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衣˵ 
Ȼǲ裬㸶ǮͲԹ 
ûԹѽ 
󲿷˻Թ 
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ڣǸվڸٱλǴ࣬С㶼ܣҲ̨ 
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עһӣҲֱ۾תһ壬ʹҿȫʪ˿ɫµĳߡ 
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ŮͻȻؿң̽𣿡 
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źߣʹҺùһ㡣 
Ϊʲôʹùһ㡣 
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˵ǾͿϧҪ˷ˣ˵Ϊпڳ۽ţıˡټ 
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ı׼ټ𣿡 
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˵䲻ϲҪȥ 
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ǵġ 
Ϊʲô 
ûκε̬˵ΪҵģҪȥиС 
˵ͻȻ㹩ҵ鱨Թ˾˵Ѿֵ10ԪǮˣ5Ԫ 
ǹ֧𣿡 
֧ҵϰķǳá 
סҵ˵ˡиϰ壡5ԪƱתСһֱҵſڣ˵ϲ㣬ϣˡ 
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˵Ȼÿ˵ĵġ 
ļͷ߳ȥվſڣֿڡҽеһƳ̳ 
һΪ¼ȹҪһõ̽ǾԱĹ 
ʾĪ10ʱɻȥŦԼУ˷ɻ8뵽ʹȷڻϣһм¼ָʾ١ 
ҳ˼Ƴ̳ùݣŻȥ˯ߡ 



 
12



ȥסĹԢԹʱˡûڹԢҵԾͻϽͺֻعԢǷ 
ûл 
ʥ˹סĺ幫Ԣ߹Ԣʱ򣬿ع۲츽״صԼôֻһݱΪ칫ҵСĵذлһű 
4ӣֻصǹԢѻ 
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ѽ 
ǵġһ㣬ҸܺõƼʵǺü˵Ƽ 
лˡ 
£˴˶һ˵мº˼Ԣ 
ʲô 
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ס3֮ǰˡ 
֪ʱҲֻһϣ˵ģҲҵЩżʲôġ 
Ҳ 
ѾҵһҵĶˡӳЩֽźһЩţдҲһѶ档δȫȡʱҰѳ˻ȥҲ֪㡣 
дϲ 
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˵û̫Σաֽܿ 
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д뱳²һֽһϨˡ 
ǰһҲ֪ܲܰóʡ 
УԹ²뱳и壬㿴𣿡 
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˵㿴ϲرûи壬²ĳ룬̰ң涼и塣ϲҪǱж©ȥռȥˡ 
Ľˡ˵ЩȻٷ֮һĻҲûҪŮйءǼȻѾˣŪһǺõġ 
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˰ɡ 
ҵͷ 
˸ִдһ࣬ԿǽƳ 
˵ӦϣԼҲϲ̽ϲоԣҲûб̽˵ǱڸԸȤζˡǵһΣڽһʲʱҵһӣȫǺܾǰľżܶʱĶǲԣġЩһλ78ʱϸˡСʱڿʼͰһյţҿ˼ռˣҪΪݶĵġеĻܽŴ̼˼úءǰˣ滹һضء 
һضӲʱ˸廬档ӵʱضײڲ࣬סһʱ 
̧һҡ˵ 
ӷǳأ1ӲŰڳ˺ʵĽǶȣضһ˵档ֽŸڵ̺ϣץһŴӣ˭Ҳʲô 
ҡһҡ˵ 
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һ֧0.38ھǹ 
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˵˰ǹϲһֽϣʱǹӳ䵽桭 
ãȿ᲻ȥһǹ 
Ұϲװȥ۲Ŀռ䡣 
ܡҸǹȫǲСĵȥġռ̫Сǹ˹ϲ룬ȥġãء 
ϥţ֤ʵԷ顣˵ûǸ̽Щš 
𼸷ϾɵţûʲôرġЩϵ˵վݣһŮϣѻͷģһһѡǮġ 
Цÿ˵ҾϲĲͬ㡣վȫ޹صԿ֡װѡֵǮһҲдŵ˻յ֧Ԯ˵һѡǮҲϣ黹 
ҲͬС˵֪йʲôġ 
ѼԱһƣЩûζŲ˼һŮֱʵţҪѻͷͬһŮдģҵ֪Ρ 
ҼǶѱ˵ļؿšͻȻ˵ˣе˼ˡ 
ʲôѽ 
нˡ 
ʲô˼ 
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Ķеŷ£˵ҿ 
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˵⵹˼Ҳɱ˷ɱ˺ӵһżʼĶ۵˺öΣ۵ĵط򿪣ڿƬڿݡ 
һе 
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ҿǴӷŴڱϣƬƬµıʾ죬21꣬ټԱʱ뱻۬ͬҹΡ 
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ͻȻָֹͣǰǹ˵һжһıɱѾѹһΣ죬ѵڶΣοûôˡ 
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ΪʲôһһҪΪ绤ɵʡ 
ԼҲ֪˵ҲҲϣԼǿͷ 
ô᣿ 
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ָܷڳڲСԺȥġǹǣǹǹؽȥġ 
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ҡ 
ʲôҲ˵ 
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ãϵ˵ҴͣҪǹ˾һεط񣬶Ҳ׼һʽĿǰú;磬֧ǹķ֡ 
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˵ҪǣһֻʵҸϲŹŶӣϸ۲ĽṹżȻǰǹҵĿϣøңҰײһصĶҰҡɵļҲ˳ȻҪʹᣬ˵̽޹ص˽¡ 
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עӣÿһӣƤգѽգġ 
ͻȻǹƵǰãǹ㱣ܡ 
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13



˵طر𡣡 
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ʵ﹤𣿡 
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Ҵ̻ش𣺡ûС˵Ȼ㵽°¶Ӧһ°¶ϡپƼϲپƼӿ֣ƺͿֻ߲Ժϲ 
پƼӿ֣ʻҽһɼƵġ˵ǰֶһ𣿡 
һҶ˵ 
뿪˵һΣΪʲôӿң 
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ͬĴ󷢣˵ÿȺܶ𣿡 
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14



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16



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17



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Ҳ 
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ԶԺĪġ 
Ҳģҵǽ𡣡 
㲻Ǻкͬ𣿡 
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ЩǺһʼܲġ 
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˵ҵ죬׼ڶһȥݷĪʱӦŦԼŦԼ°¶ 
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ɯ˲ĸӦˣ˵˵ȥ 
ڶ磬°¶Ҹҵ˷죬ҪһȥĹԢ֪ڡ 
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Ωһȷǹʱ֤ˣǸŮĽǸҹܻỤ̊ҪعԢʱǹӺֱǹʱ䶨Ϊ230֡ 
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⻹һ֤ʵ˵ûд 
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˵ǳҪ棬ҰŴȥҹܻᣬÿ˸ġ屭ƺ֪֪٣֪Ϊʲôڼ 
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ɯƤѽȵģһǿƵġ 
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Ϊûʵ˵ɯ˵ͶȦӣҪһɹ۵ļ۸รһĺüǮٱȲ߶죬Ҳ֪ 
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죬 
˵֧0.38ھ֣۬õҲǱ0.38ھӵġ 
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ҲпǸıƣǵĳֻ֣ǱʵԼŶȵġ 
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ЩǱĿԣ̫˷ʱ䣬˵ȥɯ˵ 
˵Էŵҵ죬ǳƺռˣҡһС⡮һСȻֵָҪʹøȵ֡뵽ȫǸȷĹƣĿʹɷ壬ʲô϶ˡ 
Сӣɯ˵죿 
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Цɯ˵СѾźˣԲٱҵˡ 
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ƨ£ֻԼ 
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˵˸һüǺŵƣǲ֪ǸмǺŵƣǵָǰ⸱Ʒ϶ǰȥȡԼǮһеΪֹǣǰ⸱мǺŵƣڿڴУõȥǶ϶עԽԽˣָΣ 
ͻȻϲ̰رң٣һΪ㲻ƣһһΪҡ 
վſڡ 
ʲô 
˵Ҫڰ칫ң֪ԼҲϻʧ١ 
ɯü˵ǾͱҪĪ˵ˡ 
ֻȥ˵ˡ˵Ҫ㲻ôܸҵң㲻˵ѡ㲻֪ 
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˵绰㣬㲻֪ 
㻹Ҫ˵ѣ 
ЦŶǡ 
ɯ˵ô˵ѣ 
Ҳϲ˵ѣҪ㽲ʵ 
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ҰŴ򿪣졣ܣ˵ǸʱҲ֪ҵȥˡ 



 
18



˯ߡ6ӣͨ췿š 
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ҰſһС죺 
һŴסɵ壬Ӵӱ·˱ûκζ 
΢Ц˵ҵ˯£ŵһҪȥ·ֻһֻƤҲ䣬Ҳ䡢ױ䡣¥µҩӡ˪ˢ࣬û˯¡ 
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ΪеڶβƣͬˡûͬΪеβƣ˵òӦоˡ 
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Ǻܶ˳Է̸ĵطԳæӣһҪ1Сʱɡ 
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ŵʱţҪǲǰɯǾ죬ô죿 
ʲôҲ졣 
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Ҹָ֧ˡ 
һҪһ㡣ĲԸҪʲôĶԡ 
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Ǻöǰ£1937ꡣ 
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ҺһѼݳΣ㿪ĥʱ䣬תһ԰ͣ档 
§§ 
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һʱ䣬һ˰˺ܴšһһרŶصȺһԶԵİҪõʱ˽Ρ 
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£ÿһӺġ 
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ɵֻһꡣҲ֪һͨˣڶ֣ҪԼϲķʽ 
ʧ٣ʡ 
ǵģ֪طǿеġŦԼĴԼѡҪҵҾҸطһдͷʼҾࡣ 
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ʵŵҴδЩһ˵˻ôȥ룬ֵõĵġ 
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𣿡 
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 
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͸硣°¶һУȰźһı壬ʹɵ˰Ѵ͸һǱˡѸƴԢȥͬʱҪҵǹѾҲüݾؿѽ᰸۬Щ˷ɻɼҰѷ콻㡣 
һ֮ðˮһȻ˵ãɼ𣿡 
ǵġ 
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̫ˣܺãܺáŵǸеˣ˵ֻèͷӥ 
Ա˵3ӵˡ 
ټ˵ѻͲһȥ 



 
19



һϣǷ׷׻ص칫ҹԵر𼷡ʿеǰɹΪȥ˺̲߶ûñӡŮʿеĻױƽʱŨΪȱ˯۽ơеϣ֤ĩĻֻϰ൱ζġ 
ȵ칫ҡ칫ҵӡţ˽̽硣 
һδţǹƵĴ 
ҽʱ̧ͷңӭؼң;𣿡 
ԴֻǰתңҴҵؿһ¹ǽϵʱӣҪжٷӵĺϻϰʱ䣬һϻϡ 
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Ҵſһ£˵ҵкܶżȫһڰɯ칫šûͳ鵵Ҳ֪ 
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ȻпȾǸȡ绰ͨ˹ز˾Գҵ뿪غöˣŻʿȽûС˵δ飬ҿڵ绰ҵ֣Է֪ʲôҰѵ绰ˡ 
10ӣɯԻδϰࡣ 
Ҹ߲³ȥ˹ز˾İ칫ҡ 
Ӱ칫ӡŵ֣֪˾ʦ쳺һİ칫ң˹Ҫͻ֮һ˹ʦ뽥ֵʱϵĲƲ롣Ųֶɹɷ޹˾Ҳ⣬Ȼͱܾˡڴſдţ쳺ţʦ칫ң916916ӡţ˹ز˾´ǡ쳺ţʦٽȥʦ˽˰칫ɫʼûиᡣһֱʦϰ칫ңڹز˾Ϊѽʦִҵרڴˣ칫ûǨҪһõ̽κ˶ܲµõʦһжԼܷʡ 
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Ц˵Ҫʲô 
1937꣬۬ɱ˵ 
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ת䣬ǿʼʱͽҲٳ֣Ϊˣ1937괺תůǵĳ˰ͽֻˡ 
е˽ͽŮѵͼ󣬷۬þ֮һʵϹ3λ2˱ɱ1ǹ˺ԭ¼ֵúأ׽ס޷ 
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ҵһһλʿˣڼ19371ǰ4죬ͨվݣҵʿһӺܺÿںڵģһˣûйѺܾˣ֪ʲôģ׷ƢģǴӲǷ⣬ҲǮҪ٣ʹһѩӾͣӺ棬ÿϿĴεӰжξǿȥˣһж1937°ꡣ 
ȻְŮ裬ֻа1/41/5⻹˲ڱϵŮ 
ʣʿǲǷͽ 
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˵ǵİӣٻǵúܶ࣬ǹĵȻȫδʼշ۬õɱйأе˲ţҿҪ˵ѵɣѾôˣѾͷ˵ˣطһӡ 
ǵˣ 
 
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ʲô뷨أ 
ʲôҲûУҸûʲôɿʼое㲻 
˵˵ 
ǸշСܶܳգҪ޸ϣʲôϷʹˣʧЧְϱˣҪˣһγΣһξΣҸ³תһ࣬һǹǹˣܵ·ϴУ˼򵥡 
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˵۬Ǽӣûָӡʲôɵģ 
˷̬⣬ȫûС 
˵Щʲô 
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Ҳֳݸ𣿡 
ЦЦҲܣʿûĻһˡ 
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20



ں±ļ칫ҵˣû̫⣬ֻص䣬ʾҪԼˣ㿴һ˵ʲôʱܲμ죿 
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ҪĻھͿԡ 
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ұ棬ȥ·Ǽңͨˡ 
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СʱûֻԼȥ 
Сţһֱʲôֻڵ 
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˵ϲèͷӥ830ӻǩǺĪ 
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绰иʲô 
ҵ˷졣 
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̸ʲô 
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еʱ򣬿ҽΪҪ֤ 
ҪĻһȥŪһŵģҪġ 
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ŪʪһëָӡŰѡӡ桢롪ÿĶЩҴ绰ȡ¥ǨҸְԱĸͻȻʣúҪȥһͬסǽ㾫ȼе㲻ˡǲԸӡ 
ҳ˼Ƴ̳վݼĴŽһŷ⣬дϰ칫ҵַŷ⣬ŷͶͲҿʱֻʣȥ칫ҽӰɯȥ 



 
21



ɻ׼ʱҺͰɯڻŵȺ 
Īǵڶ߳ġһߣһһλ̸Ұ׵ĶڡǸмң̫һ㡣 
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22



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Լ粿ͷ˵ҪɱŮˡƶϨˡְߵϵı˿ŪˡæŪ𣿡 
Ұͷһֻһ 
ǰͻĺԼ3ǵסµˮģڴ档ڴϣͷϣСĵذǰǹͻ©ש֮ϡһ»صڣһӣƹָ 
ǰе𣿡 
Һˣ޺ˡ 
ڵϵ˻׾δѡñ֮⡣°סһ 
Ǹơ 



 
23



ɾٵķһյĵƣƹֱҵһټԱڰ˵ÿһּкü̽üע飬ޱؿңںǶġ 
ȺͷҲڷһˣϡ°ɯ棬ֻԶһǽĪڰɯԱߡ 
ɾ˵һѾ֤ѩ۳ҵ˷죬صɼ 
ʲô𣿡ʡ 
°¶ 
ûиҡ 
ֽ֪ϣ˽ʲôˡ 
Ҳֽ֪ȨҪеĻǶֽȥҪʲôáֻ֪ΣգҪ跨ʹԶΣա 
ô뵽Σգ 
Ϊ͸Ȼһ֮Уʲô¶ͨĻǶΣգ֪̫ˡ 
ָ۬װ 
ġȻװҲйء 
˵˵Ǽɱ 
һֱΪ˹ʯ⡣Ǯһͬ˻˻ǸȡȻԼ֪˹Ҳδȡ˻кܶǮ˹ģǸ׬ġ˹ˡΪǮܶȺܸߣҲûֻҪŲڣͿɶ50ҵĲƲֻҪ̫̫飬Ǯ̫̫ġһķʽ˵˵ĲƲʲô䡣 
ɾָٰʼû˵ЩٶǶԵġ 
˵ľ͸ˡ۬ùܲµĻѽ̫಻ܺˡȺ۬úͷݳεʱαװԼǸ˺ܾõĳ˰ͽ۬ȵһһҪܵǹɱ 
е㻳ɣ뷽ж鱨׷쵽ŦԼû׷°¶ʶҲʶʦʦṩһŵķɹƣ԰ɷʮ˲Ƚˡʼǲ֪ġƵȻ塣ǸΪԼܶ׵ˡ֪ҪΩһķҵ죬ϳ֤̫̫ͥݵı֤ǿͥƱûдݵϣͱν֮£ΩһҲáоΪЧҲǸΩһĻᡣ 
һǳϡɾ˵ϳġ 
˵˺ĪΪŦԼʦɼʦ͵͵Ҫʦһɼ̽ʱʦѾҵ˸ȣҲҵ˷졣Ҫ˵ЩĻûгɹҲûø¶һڷ磬ֵýġʹơ 
ǹô£ 
ġҵˣ͹Űǹ档 
Ϊʲô 
รһ㡣 
ɾ˵ǹѽɱ۬õӵǴ֧ǹġ 
ҵͷ 
˵ϣ㲻ǰʾҹʲô 
ҿ˵ԶҹװȥŦԼ 
ʲô˼ææ˵ 
Ҳ֪ʦʲôҲƽҲýǮ¸ҲװԱΣҪһڳʱ֤ʦڷ췿̫ˣ㲻֪ʲôʹģ֪첢ڼҡ220֡峿֪˷ʱˣ¥ȥʲô 
û˵¡š 
תɾ٣ȻҪϣ230ʦͱɱ 
֤ɾʡ 
ҵͷָ졣 
˵ȥҵĹԢ 
ҶԺĪЦЦ 
˵˵ѣǿˡҲس֣ŦԼû˫̥ 
ɾٲָó 
ʲô£ҡ 
 
칫ԢĪȥ֮أ 
˵ô֪ĪΩһ֪ˡˡ 
Ī˵˵Ҵûȥ 
ɾʸȣôܺͷϵģ 
ڱϵ˸棬Ҫҡ 
ɼıֽ 
ǵġ 
Ϊʲô 
ΪΣգҪ 
ɼס 
Ҳ֪ 
ɾٿŷʣס 
ù˵ҽвʲô֡ 
֪ʲô𣿡 
֪ǡ֪ҵѾʮˡ 
һɼ𣿡 
һ˺һ𡣡 
ʲôˣ 
Ҳ֪·ϴϵġ 
ɾٿңЦЦ 
ʲôҲû˵ 
Ϊʲô뿪°¶ɾҡ 
ΪйҪ 
ʲô 
Ҫҷ졣 
Ϊʲô 
ΪҲΪΣա 
ʲôɣ 
ΪѾʹ°¶רʹƱĸߵǣŴƱȷ͸ˡڴ£ʵʱֻиߵǶԸˡԺŸߵǵĻġ 
ɾ˵ǲġǶʲô˶û˿֤ݡ˵ǿǹˣֻȥ̫̫Ҳû˿ӡǿŵġȥʱ㿪ǹںڰϮˤ 
ǹ˵ 
ôɾټ˵ǹȥˣ 
ǿŵģֵʱܿˤȥˡ 
ɾ˵һλס˵㿪ġ 
ȥҲԭ֪״ǻἤϵġ 
ɾתĪ㲻ϣʦɱ 
˭ңĪʡ 
һ˭ɾʡ 
Īһ˵ʱŦԼ㿴չ˾ļ¼Ϳ֤ˡ 
Цɾ٣㿴չ˾ļ¼ԷȥŦԼ146200ءƲϷɻĽɫ 
˵˵Ī˵չ˾ļ¼ԡ 
ҵ̡֧ 
ɾ˵˺ˡ빻ˡͳͳˡûеõҵ˭Ҳ׼뿪ǡ仰˵ǶΪǱ֤ˣƾסּܡ 
ǴҼߵĪԷ˵ƭ·ǳǸȥʶȣΪòҪģҪ˷ſʶ㡣½ġ 
Ȼ˵ġ 
ҡ˸ǷรʵܹˣҪȻؼ˯ˡ 
ɯ˸ۿ˵Ҫ˵仰ŵ 
ֱ۹סҵֱۣһߡ˵ŵһҪȥ˯Բġ 
˵ȻҼҪʹҷ֡ 
˵ȥȡǰǹٹŵһط̫Σˡǹ졣 
֧ǹʡ 
װ⣡ɯ˵ҿԼǹ᲻ʶ֧ 
˵ҹԢϲ롣 
ãҪ 
ȹԢκεطҪ 
ɯ˵ģǻ㡣Ըǹøɾ𣿡 
ʱϣٹһʱҲŻᵣġ 
ֱ߹Ҵλһ¿𣿡 
ɯ˵û⣬˵ˡ 
۾ңֻ˵װġ 



 
24



徯ڶ1245ִ󲽿ǵİ칫ҡңӭȥ̸ 
ϣ㲻ٶκβ죬 
ûУҲᡣ 
Ӧøңڱ죬ΪΣա 
ȥּ໤ͻ°¶ 
ϣе 
Ҫ˵иȵ⡣Ҽ˵ 
˵˲¶ࡣϣܸң°¶£֪ࣿ 
ָʦ 
ǵġ 
ҿҵıһ˵12֮һԼᡣߵǱߴҪ10ӡһҪ׼ʱܲһһ̸һ̡ 
ԡκϢҶмҳ˵ʧˡ·˹ҲҪɷ죬Ŀǰе֤ݣ벻ᡣһȥа취ıɱͷǳˡ 
˵ã𡣡 
ñӣ򲷰ǰ֡ 
档Ҫ뿪ʡ 
ǵġҲ뿪һӡౣء 
Եʮֵ˵£ 
รһġ 
뿪۹һֱҵŹΪֹ 
߳ݣ˰ɯ°ɯ徯һ΢Цűŵʡ 
ʲô 
ɾڹԢҵ˸ù˦ȥǹרԷӵ֤֧ǹǵɱ۬õǹǾߡΪ֤ȷ䡣 
Ǻܺá 
ȥɯʡ 
ֻϽߣ徯˵ߣɡ 
ݣܾҪҪȥȻ˵ҡҪذ칫ҡʹһ˿˿࣬ҪûСҲáǵģҲá 
3˲еߡɯڲ࣬徯ڵУࡣ 
徯ңźĪ峿220ȥǹԢ 
ǾȷġǶҵЩʲô 
Цʲôʦ 
ҲΪʦǸ˽̽ 
ǵģŦԼ̽ͷƸϣԷ촦õ԰ףһϢʵ˵֤ݹڷĹԢвҪٿʼ۬ɱװӲϡҪʹ־ĬֻһǷȴͨ˺ơ 
ܺ˵ 
ʧĵط˵ǲ˽⣬һ֧ǹǲеģΪһɱ˵ǹһġ 
˵Ȼ緽ˣԸϲķʽЩǻύˡ 
ûǵģҴδ뵽һ㡣 
˵ҲҪǸʩѹ 
徯˵һط̫СطЩ۵ϣܳ塣 
Щط 
һ㰵ʾʹıɱǺĪûж֣ 
ҿ15֡Ҹһ£˵°ɯȷʬ塣 
ѽؽг 
˵ǵģǶû취Ǳ˾Ҵĵ绰 
徯˵ߣġ 
ǰĹԢ塣Ϊǰ塣¥üԢĵطǾͿʦʬ塣˰ɯ˳ΪΪֻ档 
徯ٵͷ 
ʵ档˵ 
ô֪棿 
Ϊһֱעⴱӣû뿪һ̫̫⣬ʲôҲû뿪ⷿӡֱ١ 
徯˵Ǿˡӵ绰֮̽ȥǰĵ壬Ϊǰ忪š¥Ҳûˡ 
˵һҳȥĹԢʦԢķţûаšһ£ÿ뿪ʦһҾ뿪һϸϣûҵʦ 
徯˵ʲôԭ򣿡֮ɫ˵ʦһһѡǰܿǸŮѡŮѷֱԷδģһɶʵҪⴱӡ棬һ׹Ԣ䡣 
ıɱ֮󣬲ⴱӣǶſڷ壬Ŷܿ򿪡緽صԼԢܵͱɱˡǲԵ˽ȥͼ֡ǴҺӵǴֻҪǷס˭ԿԼȥɡ 
徯üͷ 
˵˵ǹʱ230ֻ֡һ㱣֤ߺĪúú̸һ̸ᷢ230ںʦ̸С磬뿪߽֮ķ䣬Ҳȥʦ̸еġ 
230Ƶǹ 
˵ˡҪ3ӵһ˵ĹԢȥɱˣҿһڳ֤ڿŵʱǹº˵230֡ 
徯۴ĵңұһֻӳһ 
ɯ˵Сӣ̵ġ 
徯ٴһڡͻȻһã˵һ°¶ȥ 
ڴ̡Ҹһ̨ף롮±ļĴš˶֪ȥ 
ҶԹ̨˵ŵۡ 
ãˮ֣šаʿţҪ졣 
ɯͱ徯Ҫײһ𣬱徯Ϸ˵Ŀ̬ȡ 
һƷһѴ̵ĳǹǰ棬˺¼Ӱͣһ徯һָָҽУҪˡ 
̨Ǹ˵ɽķҲҪ 
תɯһǣһӶһƬ 



 
25



ȥɽɽΧᱨ׼Ϊձ˵ˣҿֽϵĴš 
Ī֪ɱ˺ʲô˵ˡһֱڸÿʧܺϣʦܷ֤Ʊ󴫸ǸõȦסڷ칫ԢʱѾĪʦ1ԪǮ¸Ըȵꡣʦº׽ס¸԰һչ˾¼ŦԼĲڳʱ֤ˡ 
Ѱʮ֤ݡʶʦҪ¼һҵİ顣 
ѳϵɱ۬ãʼռ֧ǹǾԵߡ˵Ѱɱ۬õǹⰲ°¶סĹԢĿģʹ͵ĺĪ̽ܶԷѹ 
ʥͣ20ӣ˸籨ɯ 
 
Ҫ1ԪΪҵ֪֮Ʋĳ˿ಢձƣļĸɱӣ档 

籨Ա˵涨Ҫзַռ˿Իص硣 
ŵת˵ 




 
