MUSIC: Everlasting Love by Robert Knight
翻译：IAN WANG
每一天，在每一个城市，都有这样一个时刻… Every day, in every town, there's a moment...
当第一次，我们凝视着父母亲双眼， ..when, for the first time, we stare into the eyes of Mum and Dad
成为宇宙中最新的一名成员 and are welcomed into the arms of the universe.
# Open up your eyes Then you realise
# Here I stand with my Everlasting love... #
每个人的生命都从某处开始，时空中的某一个点 Every human life has to start somewhere, a place in space and time,
而我从这里开始，1968年3月3日 and I started here, on March the 3rd, 1968,
在皇家欧登医院 in the Royal Oldham Hospital.
在1971年，我们全家搬到了查德顿, In 1971 we moved here to the family home in Chadderton -
这里离医院只有一哩路 it's only about a mile away from the hospital.
接下来的18年我都住在这里 I stayed here for the next 18 years.
到了1979年，我的世界变大了一些，因为我来到了这间学校，休姆文法学校 In 1979 my world expanded a bit cos I came up the hill to this school, Hulme Grammar School.
这是我的教室 3Y,那里则是宇宙的尽头 This was my form room, 3Y, and that was the end of the universe
因为那里过去是女子学校 because the girls' school was through there.
没有过了多久，我开始好奇我的世界 And it wasn't long before I began to wonder how my world
是如何和广大的宇宙融为一体 fitted into the wider cosmos.
我的祖父曾经告诉我他是如何爬上这座山丘， My grandad used to tell me how he walked up onto this hill
在1927年，来这里看日全蚀 in the summer of 1927 to see a total solar eclipse.
因为这个故事，我一直也想要看，80年后，我终于有了一次机会 And because of that story, I always wanted to see one, and I finally got to do it 80 years later.
而那是非常震撼的体验 And it was a very powerful experience.
我不知道我会这么想 I didn't know what I'd think.
我祖父总是说天空暗了下来 he always spoke of the sky going dark
四周一片寂静，鸟儿也停止歌唱 and everything going quiet and the birds stopping singing.
我的感觉是，我在一颗岩石星球上 What I felt was that I was on a ball of rock.
我有一种强烈的感觉，我正站在这颗岩石星球上 I had a very powerful sense that I was on this... this rocky planet,
顺着轨道进入环绕太阳的黑暗之中 orbiting in the blackness of space around a star.
这个对我们身在何处的了解，是400年科学探索之旅的高峰 That understanding of where we are is the culmination of a 400-year journey of scientific discovery.
这故事是关于我们是如何，愈来愈精准的测量出我们在时空中的位置 This is the story of how we are measuring with increasing precision our place in space and time.
我们是如何发现，在也许是无限的宇宙之中，我们有多微不足道 How we've discovered that we are an infinitesimal speck in a possibly infinite universe,
同时，知道我们是多么的珍贵 and, in doing so, just how valuable we are.
据我目前所知，我们人类在宇宙中是独一无二的 As far as we know, we humans are unique in the universe.
是唯一进化成，有能力问关于宇宙深奥问题的物种 The only creatures that have developed the ability to ask deep questions about the cosmos.
这种好奇心，将我们的视角进行了深刻的变革 This curiosity has led us to a profound change in perspective.
从相信在所有创造之中， From believing we were the most important creatures
我们人类是最重要的生物 in all creation...
我们揭露了人类在宇宙中的真实位置 ..we have uncovered humanity's true place in the cosmos...
并得以一窥我们最早的起源 ..and glimpsed our earliest origins.
TRADITIONAL MUSIC
这里是艾本哈杜古城的要塞 This is the fortified town of Ait Benhaddou.
建造于17世纪，位于通往北方的贸易路线之上 It was built in the 17th century on the trade route that winds its way north
横越高阿特拉斯山脉，进入马拉凯奇的市集 across the High Atlas and into the markets of Marrakech.
MUSIC CONTINUES
当地的柏柏尔人打造了这个地方 The indigenous Berber people who built this place
他们在位于北非的这个地方已经超过了10,000年 have been in this part of North Africa for well over 10,000 years,
他们在古老的埃及和希腊文献中都被提及 and they're mentioned in Ancient Egyptian texts and in Greek -
希罗多德 和 西赛罗都谈论过这些崇拜太阳和月亮的民族 both Herodotus and Cicero talk of these people who worship the sun and the moon.
事实上，他们讲述了一个故事，关于他们如何割下山羊的耳朵 In fact, they tell a story of how they cut off the ears of goats,
抛上屋顶，以荣耀月亮之神 Ayyur. threw them over their houses in honour of the moon god, Ayyur.
这里的天空是如此清彻，你不难想像他们为何这么做 And the skies are so crystal clear here that you can see why they did it.
我不是说割山羊耳朵，是他们崇拜天体的行为 Well, not the goat thing, but worshipped those celestial objects in the sky.
在城镇顶端，这一览无遗的景色就如同天堂一般 High above the village, the summit affords an unobstructed view of the heavens.
如果你想思考你在宇宙中的位置，这里是最完美的地点 The perfect vantage point from which to ponder your place in the universe.
纵观历史，或至少从人类开始会思考一些事情开始 For all of history, or at least, I imagine for as long as people have considered such things,
人们被教导，地球是静止不动的，位于宇宙的中心 the Earth has been thought of as being motionless, at the centre of the universe.
当你想一想，这很明显，我们没有感觉在移动 And when you think about it, that's obvious - it doesn't feel like we're moving,
我们的双脚牢牢的固定在地面之上 and the ground feels solid beneath our feet,
没有人会怀疑这个说法 the proverbial mountains move for no-one,
而且太阳和月亮以弧线划过天空 and the sun, moon and stars arc across the sky.
地球就是静止的中心，而宇宙环绕着我们 The Earth is motionless at the centre, and the universe rotates around it.
看看夜晚的天空 Watching the night sky,
很自然会觉得星星绕着我们运转 it's natural to think that the stars move around us.
所以，几千年以来 And so, for thousands of years,
这个地球为宇宙中心的理论从未被质疑 this geocentric view of the universe was never questioned.
不是只有星星的移动 And it's not just the motion of the stars -
亚里斯多德和古希腊哲学家更进一步思考了这些事 Aristotle and the ancient Greek philosophers thought about these things in detail.
他们注意到，当你放下一个东西 They noticed that when you drop things
它们永远掉向地球的中心 they always fall towards the centre of the Earth,
所以地球一定有些特别的地方 so therefore there must be something special about the Earth,
地球一定是宇宙的中心 it must be the centre of the universe.
这个理论太有说服力了，直到了1,000年之后才被推翻 These arguments are so persuasive that it was millennia before they were overturned.
在威尼斯这里，我们是位在宇宙中心的质疑开始了 It was here in Venice that our demotion from the centre of the universe began.
威尼斯曾经是独立的城邦维持超过1,000年 Venice was an independent city-state for well over 1,000 years,
在15世纪，它是全欧洲最富足的城市 and by the 15th century it was the richest city in Europe.
无所不在的文化遗产，壮丽的建筑 You see that legacy everywhere - the buildings are spectacular,
你只能想像这里在全盛时期会是什么样子 you can only imagine what it must have been like in its heyday.
而这卓越性让它成为了 And that pre-eminence put it at the centre of
可以说是人类文明史上最大的知性革命中心，文艺复兴 arguably the greatest intellectual revolution in the history of human civilisation - the Renaissance.
文艺复兴是一段科学与艺术的新生时期 The Renaissance was a period when the rebirth of art and science
改变了我们看世界的方式 transformed how we saw the world.
这里是圣洛克大会堂 This is the Scuola Grande di San Rocco,
不管看向哪里，都是杰作跟着杰作 and everywhere you look, there is masterpiece after masterpiece
来自其中一位义大利文艺复兴时期的伟大艺术家，丁托列托 from one of the greatest artists of the Italian Renaissance, Tintoretto.
从1560年代开始，这共花了他超过20年的时间 It took him over 20 years, beginning in the 1560s,
来完成这座建筑 to complete this building.
这是令人惊叹的 And it's breathtaking.
你可以看到旧约圣经中的场景 You see scenes from the Old Testament on the walls,
和新约圣经中的场景 scenes from the New Testament.
除了画家明显的技巧之外，让人注目的 And what's striking, apart from the obvious skill of the painter,
是写实主义。那里，最后的晚餐 is the realism. And there - The Last Supper.
你几乎可以走进那画里 You could almost walk into that painting,
你可以走过那方格地板 you could walk across that chequered floor,
走上阶梯，向右边走到那被照亮的门口 up the stairs, turn right and out through that illuminated doorway.
在中世纪或更早以前的艺术，你不会看到 In the art of the medieval period and before, you don't see
这种对真实空间的描绘，那时的画作都是平面的 this depiction of real space, the paintings are flat.
自从14世纪 From the 14th century,
随着希腊人对几何学有了新的发现 with the rediscovery of the geometry of the Greeks,
于是你看到了真正的才华展露 then you see a genuine intellectual shift,
你看到了那种想把真实世界画出来的欲望 you see the desire to paint the world as it really is,
你可以看到不同视角和景深 you see paintings with perspective and depth.
而这就是视角的变革 And that was a change in perspective.
我们得到了关于我们在宇宙真实位置的第一个暗示 And we got our first hints of our planet's true place in the cosmos
当这种想要看到真实世界的欲望 when this desire to see things as they are
和这城市最宝贵的一样物品结合时 was combined with the city's most valuable commodity.
我的名字是Davide Salvadore
我在穆拉诺岛出生，我住在这里，也在这里工作。
我的家族从1650年开始制作玻璃
我的父亲，我的祖父，我整个家族都制作玻璃
而我也将会传给我的儿子
我想，这已经在我的血液之中
在穆拉诺岛，如果你是杰出的玻璃工匠，你是受敬重的人
文艺复兴时期，这些工匠对威尼斯非常有价值 During the Renaissance, these craftsmen were so valuable to Venice
他们被禁止离开城市，违抗者处死 that they were barred from leaving the city on pain of death.
穆拉诺玻璃这么有价值，是因为它的清彻度 Murano glass was so prized because its clarity allowed it
让它可应用于光学，用在镜子还有镜片 to be fashioned into optics, into mirrors and lenses.
而恰恰是这个原因，它吸引了其中一位 And it was precisely that property that caught the eye
在那个时代最知名人物的目光 of one of the period's most renowned figures,
伽利略·伽利莱 Galileo Galilei.
在1609年，伽利略来到威尼斯 Now, in 1609, Galileo came here to Venice
为他的新望远镜来订制镜片 to commission lenses for his new telescope -
这里曾是全世界玻璃制作的中心 this was the world centre of glass production -
而他立刻用上了这望远镜 and he immediately put that telescope to good use
把它对准月亮，并把他所见画了下来 by turning it towards the moon and sketching what he saw.
在1600年代，大多数人觉得在天上 In the 1600s, most people thought that anything in the heavens
所有的物体都是完美的，完美的圆，平滑柔顺 was perfect, perfectly round, perfectly smooth,
但是伽利略对月亮表面的描述如同今日我们都已了解的 but Galileo depicted the lunar surface as we know it to be today,
光线在山脉间跳动，消失在山谷之中 the sunlight bouncing off mountains, disappearing into valleys,
陨石坑边缘的阴影 its shaded rims of craters.
伽利略不只用望远镜观察月亮 Galileo didn't just observe the moon with his telescope,
他也观察行星 he turned it to the planets
在1610年，他也画下了这一系列金星的素描，而他注意到 and also in 1610 he made this series of sketches of Venus and he noticed
在每年的不同时间，金星有时候会是一个完美的圆 that, different times of the year, Venus can appear as a full circle
有时是弯月型，还有之间的各种变化 in the sky or as a slim crescent and as everything in-between.
从地球来看，当金星在太阳的另外一面 When Venus is on the other side of the sun from the Earth,
我们看到整个星球 we see the whole planet.
但当它随着轨道移动 But as it moves around in its orbit,
表面的太阳光线愈来愈少 less and less sunlight is seen to strike its surface
直到它以黑色轮廓穿过太阳 until it crosses the sun in silhouette.
这个情况唯一可信的解释 The only credible explanation for these phases of Venus
就是金星是一颗行星，它绕着太阳 is that Venus is a planet, it's orbiting the sun
进入地球的轨道，而地球也是绕着太阳转 inside the orbit of the Earth, which is also orbiting the sun.
这是第一次证实太阳是在太阳系中心 So, this is the first confirmation of a sun-centred solar system.
伽利略看到了证据，不是地球 Galileo had seen evidence that the sun, not the Earth,
太阳，才是太阳系的中心 was the centre of the solar system...
而这开启了我们对宇宙认真的科学探索 ..and began our scientific exploration of the universe in earnest.
TYRES SCREECH
这50年来 'In the last 50 years,
我们做的不仅仅只是在地球上观察 'we've done more than simply look out from Earth,
我们送出无人探测器到太阳系的每一个角落 'we've sent unmanned spacecraft to every corner of the solar system...'
不，不！ No, no, no!
- HORNS BLARE - Tram!
许多的大小都不比这一台车大 '..many not much bigger and not much more advanced than this car.'
啊，对不起 Oops, sorry.
这是美丽的工艺杰作 It's a beautiful piece of engineering,
但是它真的没刹车 but it's essentially got no brakes.
我们送出了水手10号和信使号到水星 'We sent Mariner 10 and Messenger to Mercury,
最靠近太阳的一颗星球 'the closest planet to the sun...'
这没辨法加速 It's got no acceleration.
我不知道这些杆子是要干嘛的 I don't know what these sticks do here.
43个任务到金星 '..43 missions to Venus...
51个任务到火星 '..and 51 to Mars.'
HORNS BLARE
哇！ Wa-hey!
但只有少数成功的… 'But only a handful have made it
进入太阳系最外层边界 'into the solar system's outermost reaches.'
在1977年，太阳系内的行星排成一直线，代表我们有可能 In 1977, a chance alignment of the planets meant that it was possible,
至少理论上来说，可以发射探测器 at least in principle, to launch a spacecraft
到4颗巨大的气体外行星 to all four of the outer gas giants.
于是，NASA发射了两艘探测器，航海家1号和2号 So, NASA launched two spacecraft, Voyagers 1 and 2.
而18个月之后，它们到达了太阳系中最大的行星 And just 18 months later, they reached the largest planet
它以罗马人的神来命名， in the solar system, aptly named after
朱比特(木星)。 the Roman king of the gods, Jupiter.
它们探测了土星 They explored Saturn...
它们在此分离，航海家2号要去拜访天王星 ..before separating, with Voyager 2 going on to visit Uranus.
在1989年，旅程开始的12年后… And then, in 1989, after travelling for 12 years...
它到达了海王星 ..it reached Neptune...
太阳系中最远的行星 ..the most distant planet in the solar system.
BIRDSONG
但也许最戏剧性的视角变革 But perhaps the most dramatic change in perspective
来自于1968年12月21日 came on the 21st of December 1968...
当我们离开了地球 ..when we left the Earth for ourselves
向另一个世界前进 and set out for another world.
当你飞在空中，一个美丽的日子，你可感受到自由 When you're up flying on a beautiful day, you're certainly free,
就像一只鸟，而我就沉浸在那美丽的风景与孤独之中 like a bird, and I just enjoy the scenery and the solitude of it.
我大约有13,000小时的飞行时数 I've probably got over 13,000 hours in the air.
但是以一个战斗机飞行员来说，我更看重 But as a fighter pilot, one of the things I pride myself in
降落的次数，而不是飞行的时数 is more landings than I have hours.
在所有Bill Anders少将的飞行之中， Of all the flights Major General Bill Anders has taken,
他最印象深刻的是那在他35岁时的那一次 he'll be remembered for the one he made when he was just 35.
在人类驾驶的飞行器进入太空后的第八年 In the 8th year of manned flight into space,
美国国家航空航天局准备着 the National Aeronautics and Space Administration prepared
人员和器材，将展开一个最为先进的戴人任务 men and equipment for the most advanced manned mission to date.
和我们一起的还有Frank Borman和Jim Lovell， Together with Frank Borman and Jim Lovell,
Bill登上了人类有史以来所建造过最强大的机器 Bill climbed aboard the most powerful machine ever built by man.
当火箭点燃后，5枚巨大的F-1引擎 When the rocket ignited, the giant 5F1 engines
产生了750万磅的推力 putting out a total of 7 and half million pounds of thrust,
那声响是难以置信的 the racket was unbelievable.
我们已升空，东部标准时间7:51am升空 We have lift-off, lift-off at 7:51am Eastern Standard Time.
由火箭环型装置产生的侧向力， The sideways forces, as those rockets gimballed to try to keep us
让我们保持直线上升，力量非常强大 pointed straight up, threw us around in the spacecraft.
如果我们没有安全带的话，会在驾驶舱中撞成一团 If we hadn't been strapped in, we'd be bouncing off the walls.
在约30秒到1分钟后， Within about 30 seconds to a minute,
我们飞离了来自地球的噪音与回声 we flew out of the noise and echo from the Earth
于是我们知道已经在路上了 and we knew we were on our way.
这里是休士顿，状况一切正常 This is Houston, you're looking good.
你们的声音非常清楚 We hear you loud and clear, boys.
好的，第一阶段非常顺利，这个阶段也是 OK, the first stage was very smooth and this one is smoother.
三位太空人展开了 The three astronauts had begun
人类有史以来最长距离的旅程 the longest human journey ever attempted.
我可以从窗户看到整个地球 I can see the entire Earth out of the centre window.
我可以看到佛罗里达，古巴，中美洲 I can see Florida, Cuba, Central America.
经过68个小时和57分钟 Over 68 hours and 57 minutes,
他们在太空中横越了380,000公里 they travelled across 380,000 kilometres of empty space...
突然之间，那微小的太空船已在完全的黑暗之中 ..until suddenly their tiny craft was plunged into darkness.
就像是星星大爆发，我的意思是… The stars just exploded, I mean, there were...
每一颗你能想到的星星都看的见 Every star you ever thought about was visible
数量之密集，要辨识出星座是非常困难的 to the degree that it was very difficult to pick out constellations.
然后，当我转头一看，星星们突然停住了 And yet, as I looked back over my shoulder, the stars suddenly stopped
取而代之的是一个巨大，黑色的洞 and it was this big, black hole...
那是月亮 ..and that was the moon.
我必须说，那让我后颈上的毛发 And I must say, that got the hair on the back of my neck
全都站了起来 standing up a little bit.
在1968年的圣诞夜，阿波罗8号进入了月球轨道 On Christmas Eve, 1968, Apollo 8 entered lunar orbit.
放眼所及的，是一个陨石坑接着另一个 It was just one crater on top of another crater
而且不管你多靠近看 and no matter how closely you looked,
你都可以在陨石坑中 you're going to find smaller and smaller craters
找到更小的陨石坑 on top of the big ones.
看起来就像战场一样，满目疮痍 It looked like a battlefield, it was totally beat up.
当他们从月球后方的荒凉地表浮现 It was as they emerged from behind the desolate lunar surface
这是第三次 for the third time
我们对地球的视角永远改变了 that our perception of the Earth changed for ever.
当我们终于调头开始前进 When we finally turned around and were going forward,
就像开着车奔驰在道路上 like a car driving on down the highway,
我们第一次看到地球从月球的地平线升起 we saw for the first time the Earth come up on the lunar horizon.
Anders: 我的天啊，你看看这个景象
Anders: 地球升起了，哇！太美了！
Borman: 不要拍了，这不在计划之内
Anders: Jim，你有彩色底片吗？
Anders: 给我一卷彩色的，快点！ Lovell: 哇！真了不起。在哪里？
Anders: 快一点！
我把相机焦距设到无限远，对着地球 I set the range at infinity, pointed it at the Earth
开始不停的按下快门 and just started clicking away,
不停的调整光圈 changing the F-stop with every click.
Lovell: 有了吗？ Anders: 有
Lovell: 多拍一些， 多拍一些！让我来！
Anders: 等一下，先让我设定好相机，
冷静，冷静一点 Lovell！
我就是不停的按下快门 The photograph was the shotgun approach,
希望至少有一张能照的清楚，确实如此 figuring one of them was going to hit, and indeed it did.
Anders拍的这张相片，就是有名的"地出" The photograph Anders took is known as Earthrise.
一张我们时代最具标志性的图像 One of THE iconic images of our time.
飞行结束之后，我常常被问到觉得… After the flight, I've often been asked what I thought was
阿波罗8号任务最有意义的是什么？最大的贡献是什么？ the most significant part of Apollo 8, its biggest contribution,
我通常这样回答，我们的任务其实是探索月球 and I've often said our mission really was to explore the moon,
但我们真正的成就是发现了地球 but our accomplishment was that we discovered the Earth.
只是从遥远的地方看向地球 It was only by looking back at our planet from afar
就让我们感觉地球在宇宙之中， that we felt just how small and delicate a part of the universe
是多么微小并脆弱的存在。 our fragile world really is.
当我望向天空，我了解月亮离我们非常远 When I look up and realise that the moon is a long way off,
240,000英里, 有时候让人难以想像 240,000 miles, and sometimes it's hard to imagine
我们真的一路飞到了那里 that we actually zipped all the way up there
前后来回了11次，在我们这个年代 and around it 11 times and back, in this day and age.
几百年来的科学探索，揭露了我们的星球 Hundreds of years of exploration have revealed our planet
只是八颗行星中的一颗，绕着一颗叫太阳的恒星 to be just one of eight in orbit around a star we call the sun.
但了解我们在太阳系中的位置 But understanding our place in the solar system
只是找到我们在宇宙中位罝的第一步 is only the first step in finding our place in the universe...
因为在星空之中，有无尽的空间可以探访 ..because far beyond anywhere we can visit lie the stars.
直到最近，我们都没有辨法知道星星的距离 Until recently, there was no way of knowing how distant the stars are.
所以我们完全不能了解，星星在天空中的真正位置 And so we had no idea of our star's true place in the heavens.
我从还是小孩子就开始套牛了 I've been roping since I was a little kid.
随着年纪增长，我更加热爱套牛 Now, the older I get, the more I like roping,
这是牛仔生活中很重要的一部份 it's a very important part of the cowboy lifestyle.
套牛最重要的技巧就是精准度 The most important skill when you're roping is accuracy
距离的判断 and judging the distance.
你必须要有很好的判断力 You've got to be a real good judge
当你抛出绳索时，必须预测小牛的位置 of where the steer is going to be when you throw your rope.
因为我们的双眼间隔了几公分的距离 Because our eyes are a few inches apart,
各别补捉了稍微不同的图像 each one captures a slightly different view of the world.
而比对这两张不同的图像 And comparing the differences between the two images
就是我们大脑判断距离的一种方法 is one of the ways the brain judges distance.
这个现象我们称为"视差" It's a phenomenon known as parallax.
了不起的是，你可以用同样的方法 And remarkably, you can use the same effect
来测量星星的距离 to measure the distance to the stars.
天空中的星星，在我们双眼之间的视差位移 Now, the parallax shift of a star in the sky from one eye to the other
是几乎无法察觉的微小 is of course imperceptibly small,
但是如果你可以把你的头放大到，这样说吧… but if you could arrange for your head to be, let's say,
直径1亿8千万英里 180 million miles in diameter,
那么视差位移就可以测量，你可以这样做 then the parallax shift would be measurable. And you can do that.
这里有两张双星系统，天鹅座61的照片 Here are two pictures of a double-star system called 61 Cygni
拍摄于5月和11月 taken in May and November.
就是当地球在太阳的这一边，和另一边 That's when the earth is on one side of the sun...and the other.
这个距离就是1亿8千万英里 There is your 180 million miles.
你可以看到 And as you can see,
位移很少 the shift is small...
但看的出来 but noticeable.
利用视差，天鹅座61被证明 Using parallax, 61 Cygni was found to be
距离地球104兆公里 104,000 billion kilometres from earth.
但是这个方法，只适用在离我们很近的恒星邻居上 But this technique only works for our nearest stellar neighbours.
绝大多数的恒星都离我们太过遥远 The vast majority of stars are so much further away
完全无法察觉任何可见的视差位移 that they exhibit no perceptible parallax shift at all.
所以如果要跨越过我们的恒星邻居 So to go beyond our local stellar neighbourhood,
需要一种新的技术 a new technique was required.
它涉及测量恒星本身的亮度 And it involved measuring the brightness of the stars themselves.
如果你想利用恒星的亮度 If you want to use the brightness of a star
去测量出它和地球的距离 as seen from the earth's surface to measure its distance,
那么你必须知道恒星实际的亮度 then you have to know how bright the star actually is.
而第一次研究出这个方法的 And the first person to work out how to do that was one of the great
是一位天文学历史上伟大的无名英雄 亨丽爱塔·勒维特. unsung heroes in the history of astronomy - Henrietta Leavitt.
勒维特根据照片来记录恒星的亮度，并做分类 Leavitt was cataloguing the brightness of stars from photographs
她开始对一种特别的星体产生兴趣 and she became interested in a particular kind of star
称为"变星"，它们的亮度会随时间而变化 known as a variable star, which changes its brightness over time.
它们会忽明忽暗，忽明忽暗 So it goes dimmer and brighter, dimmer and brighter,
周期可能是数天、数个星期，甚至到数个月 over a period of days or weeks or even months.
她对一种类型的变星特别有兴趣 She took a special interest in a class of variable stars
称作 "造父变星" called Cepheids.
勒维特注意到的是，有一种简单的关系… Now, what Leavitt noticed was that there is a simple relationship
存在于造父变星的实际亮度和… between the actual brightness of a Cepheid variable
它改变亮度的频率之间。这个周期。 and the rate of change of that brightness - its period.
她注意到，对较暗的造父变星来说 She noticed that, for the dimmer Cepheid variables,
光变周期非常快 the rate of change of brightness is very fast,
然而对较亮的造父变星来说 whereas for the brightest of the Cepheids,
光变周期则很慢 the rate of change is slow.
所以这表示，如果你能够利用视差法… So that means that if you can determine the distance
来确定一颗造父变星的实际距离 to just one Cepheid variable by parallax,
那你就可以知道它们全部的距离 then you know the distance to all of them
只需要通过测量天空中的光变周期 just by measuring the rate of change of the brightness in the sky.
这项研究在1912年被发表 Within a year of the publication of the paper in 1912,
银河系的大小被测量出来了 the size of the Milky Way galaxy had been measured
显示出银河系直径约为100,000光年 and shown to be 100,000 light years across,
而太阳不在它的中心，是在靠近边缘的地方 with the sun not near the centre, but close to the edge.
银河系是一个圆盘，有着2,000亿到4,000亿颗恒星 The Milky Way is a disc of between 200 and 400 billion stars
分布在巨大的旋臂之上 reaching out in giant spiral arms.
太阳和太阳系 The sun and the solar system
位于猎户座旋臂的中心 sit within the inner rim of the Orion arm,
距离银河系中心27,000光年 27,000 light years from the galactic centre,
每2亿4千万年绕银河系中心一圈 which they orbit once every 240 million years.
如同银河系的浩瀚 But as vast as the Milky Way is,
没有多久我们就发现，造父变星… it wasn't long before we found Cepheid variables
有着比想像更远的距离 that were far more distant.
我们的银河系不是唯一的 Our galaxy wasn't the only one.
Five, four, three
two, one...
升空 and lift-off
发现者号太空梭戴着哈伯太空望远镜 of the space shuttle Discovery with the Hubble Space Telescope,
我们的宇宙之窗 our window on the universe.
只不过400年前 Only 400 years ago,
伽利略使用简单的玻璃镜片探索太阳系 Galileo used simple glass lenses to explore the solar system.
今天，我们有着先进的仪器像是哈伯太空望远镜 Today we use advanced instruments like the Hubble Space Telescope
去探索宇宙 to explore the universe.
你喜欢这个吗？休士顿？ Do you like this, Houston?
还不错。 Oh, it's not bad.
数千亿个星系从各个方向绵延出去 Hundreds of billions of galaxies stretching out in every direction
一直到可观测宇宙的边缘 to the edge of the observable universe
大约460亿光年远 some 46 billion light years away.
我们发现宇宙是多么的壮观 We've discovered that the universe is far grander,
比任何人想像的都还要宏伟 far more majestic than anyone suspected
就在几个世纪以前，当我们第一次开始探索 when we first started exploring it just a few centuries ago.
现在我们发现了，宇宙没有一个特别的地方 We've discovered there are no special places in the universe.
我们不是中心 We are not at its centre,
我们只是绕着数百万兆颗太阳中的一颗 we just orbit around one of a trillion suns.
这产生了一个问题 Which raises an obvious question -
这些太阳都是从哪来的？ where did all those stars come from?
我的名字是 Souad ait Malik
我今年19岁
我来自Ali Oudaoud的村庄
我在这里出生长大
一年有51个星期 For 51 weeks a year,
这有着88个家庭的小村庄 the 88 households of Souad's tiny village
就是Souad的整个宇宙 make up her entire universe.
但这个星期有点不一样 But this week will be different.
每年有短短几天，数千名柏柏尔人… For a few days every year, thousands of Berber tribespeople
离开他们孤立的村庄，跨越高阿特拉斯山 from across the High Atlas leave their isolated villages
来参加结婚庆典 to attend a festival of marriage...
希望能找到伴侣 ..in the hope of finding a partner
为家族历史，展开新的一章 and so beginning a new chapter in their family history.
今年我要参加婚姻庆典
如果我遇见了某人，我可能会嫁给他，为什么不？
对我来说，这是最好的结婚年纪
我大部份的家人都是透过结婚庆典结婚的
我的表兄弟姐妹，我的祖父母
就像Souad的家族一样，所有人的记忆以来 Just as in Souad's family, for as long as anyone can remember,
每个世代的柏柏尔人都回到这个地方 each generation of Berber have returned to this place
来开始下一个世代 to begin the next generation.
今日，我们可以追朔我们的起源到更久之前 Today we can trace our origins much further back
不只是我们的直系亲属 than our immediate family tree,
回到比我们在非洲的起源还要更久以前 back in fact further than the origin of our species here in Africa,
回到生命在地球上的起源以前 back past the origin of life on earth
回到地球形成之前 and the formation of earth itself.
回到…，事实上，回到时间形成之时 Back, in fact, to what appears to be the beginning of time.
而这不需要一艘太空船来展开旅程 And that didn't require a journey of exploration in a spaceship,
飞到未知之中 flying off into the unknown.
这只需要一种我们都拥有的东西 It just required something that we all possess -
人类的想像力 the human imagination.
科学家常常被形容是孩子气的 Scientists are often described as being childlike,
一个最好的例子就是爱因斯坦 and the archetypal example is Albert Einstein.
我想这意味着简明的思考模式 I think it means thinking with simplicity.
小心谨傎的跟着线索走 Following threads carefully and tenaciously,
看看会走到哪里 seeing where they lead.
跟随着思考带来的想法，自始至终 Following the implications of a thought through,
然后去问，为什么？为什么？为什么？ and asking the question why, why, why, why?
有着简洁明快的思维 It's having a mind uncluttered
相对于成年人常会被常识所限制 by the adult affliction of common sense.
爱因斯坦每一天都会释放他的思维 Einstein would free his mind of the everyday
让他可以漫步在宇宙之中 and allow it to wander through the universe.
他想像自已乘坐在一道光束上 He imagined himself riding on a beam of light.
透过去好奇他会看到什么， And, by wondering what he might see,
转换成我们对空间与时间的理解 transformed our understanding of space and time.
他重新想像了一个… But it was his reimagining
伽利略在1500年代想到的实验 of an experiment dreamt up by Galileo in the 1500s
而这导致了现代宇宙学基础的建立 that laid the foundations of modern cosmology.
爱因斯坦说那是他"一生中最快乐的想像" Einstein called it "the happiest thought of my life".
听起来就像是小孩子会说出的话 Which is in itself an almost childlike sentence,
因为跟随着这个想法，最终带领我们… because following that thought through ultimately led us
来到宇宙本身起源的理论 to a theory of the origin of the universe itself.
这里是一个地方，让你可以亲眼见到… And there's a place where you can see with your eyes
爱因斯坦头脑中的想像 what Einstein saw in his mind.
这里是美国太空总署的太空动力实验室 This is NASA's space power facility near Cleveland, Ohio,
这是全世界最大的真空室 and it is the world's biggest vacuum chamber.
这曾经用来测试太空船在外太空的环境条件 It's used to test spacecraft in the conditions of outer space
它通过抽出30吨的空气 and it does that by pumping out the 30 tonnes
直到整个房间剩下约2克的空气 of air in this chamber until there are about two grams left.
这看起来是一个很古怪的建筑 It's kind of got an eccentric construction,
这要从它的历史说起，这里建于1960年代 which is part of its history. It was built in the 1960s
作为核子测试设施，去测试核子动力系统 as a nuclear test facility to test nuclear propulsion systems,
那表示这里是用铝去打造的 and that meant that they built it out of aluminium
让对付辐射变的简单一些 to make the radiation easier to deal with.
铝并不是最适合的、最坚固的材料… Aluminium is not the best thing, the strongest material,
来做为一个真空室 to build a vacuum chamber out of,
所以他们建造了一个混凝土外层 so they built an outer concrete skin
所以它一部份可以抵抗辐射，一部份可以抵抗外部压力 which is part radiation shielding and part an external pressure vessel
所以这个结构可以很好的抵抗外部来的作用力 so this thing can take the force that's present on the outside
当他们抽出空气模拟外太空条件的时候 when it's pumped out to the conditions of outer space.
伽利略的实验很简单 Galileo's experiment was simple -
他拿一个重的物体和一个轻的物体 he took a heavy object and a light one
然后同时把它们放下，来观察哪一个掉落速度较快 and dropped them at the same time to see which fell fastest.
在这个例子来说， Now, in this case, the feathers fell to the ground
羽毛掉落的速度比保龄球慢 at a slower rate than the bowling ball
因为空气的阻力 because of air resistance.
所以，为了要看到重力的真实样貌 So in order to see the true nature of gravity,
我们必须把空气拿走 we have to remove the air.
这需要三个小时来把… It takes three hours to pump out
800,000立方尺的空气抽出去 the 800,000 cubic feet of air from the chamber.
好的，还有30分钟降低到2毫克 OK, we dropped two millitorr in the last 30 minutes.
一但等到完成，这会是一个接近完美的真空 But once it's complete, there's a near-perfect vacuum inside.
10%开放，1号站，准备释放 ..10% open, station one, go for drop.
PCB 30-1,压力设定在240 psi PCB 30-1, pressure set point at 240 psi.
准备释放 We are go for drop.
Ten, nine, eight,
seven, six, five, four...
照相机准备 Cameras on. ..Two, one.
释放 Release.
一样，看看那个 - Exact. - Look at that.
它们完全一样，哇！你看 - They came down exactly the same. Wow! - Oh, look, look.
看它们击中地面的样子 - 我的天啊 - Look how they hit right there. - Holy mackerel!
完全一样 Exactly.
根本是同时 Exactly the same.
羽毛根本没动，完全没有 The feathers don't move, nothing.
看看，太精彩了！ Look at that, that's just brilliant!
牛顿会说，球和羽毛之所以会往下掉 Isaac Newton would say that the ball and the feather fall
是因为有一股作用力把它们往下拉 - 重力。 because there's a force pulling them down - gravity.
但是爱因斯坦想像的场景非常不一样 But Einstein imagined the scene very differently.
"一生中最快乐的想像"是这样的 The happiest thought of his life was this.
球和羽毛同时落下的原因是… The reason the bowling ball and the feather fall together
因为它们不是往下掉 is because they're not falling.
它们没有移动，根本没有作用力在它们身上 They're standing still. There is no force acting on them at all.
他很好的说明了，如果你把背景拿掉的话 He reasoned that if you couldn't see the background,
那你就不可能看的出来球和羽毛… there'd be no way of knowing that the ball and the feathers
正以加速度向地球移动 were being accelerated towards the earth.
所以他做了结论 - 它们没有。 So he concluded...they weren't.
取而代之的，爱因斯坦说重力只是一个错觉 Instead, Einstein proposed that the force of gravity is an illusion.
就像地球不是平的一样 Just as the surface of the earth isn't flat,
两个都不是，他说。是空间结构。 neither, he said, was the fabric of space.
所有的物体，像是恒星和行星 All objects, like stars and planets,
扭曲了环绕着它们的空间和时间，产生了山谷 warp the space and time around them to produce valleys.
而所有的物体，像是行星和保龄球 And all objects, like planets and bowling balls,
顺着这个弯曲的地形移动 move across this curved landscape
给人一种感觉像是被作用力所转向 giving the appearance of being diverted by a force.
爱因斯坦把这理论叫做"广义相对论" Einstein called this theory General Relativity.
爱因斯坦的重力理论看来神秘难解 Esoteric and strange as Einstein's theory of gravity seems,
这可以被测试 it can be tested.
波多黎各的阿雷西博天文台… The Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico has the largest dish
是全世界最大的单面口径望远镜 of any telescope anywhere in the world...
这让它能够接收到最微小的电波讯号 ..enabling it to detect the faintest radio waves
来自银河最遥远的地方 from galaxies far, far away.
等我们回来的时候，应该把那个防护罩产生器破坏掉 When we come back, we should destroy the shield generator.
利用这样的望远镜 Using telescopes like this,
我们见证了一些在宇宙中最暴力的重力事件 we witness some of the most violent gravitational events in the cosmos.
巨大恒星的死亡 The deaths of giant stars.
整个太阳被黑洞吞食 Entire suns devoured by black holes.
在阿雷西博，他们研究了… And here at Arecibo, they've studied
一个宇宙中最极端的系统 one of the most extreme systems in the universe,
双脉冲星，并测量了它们的死亡轨道 a binary pulsar, and measured the stars' doomed orbits
它们朝向着彼此旋转前进，直到最后一毫米 as they spiral towards each other to the last millimetre.
用这个望远镜所做的测量是如此精准 These measurements are so precise that using this telescope
发现了它的轨道半径… it's found that the radius of the orbits is decreasing
每天减少1.7毫米 by 1.7 millimetres a day.
这个精确的数字，和爱因斯坦的理论所预测的一模一样 That number is precisely the number calculated using Einstein's theory.
这就是为什么我觉得爱因斯坦的"广义相对论" This is why I think that Einstein's theory of general relativity
毋庸置疑的，是人类智慧上的最高成就 is arguably the greatest achievement of the human intellect.
这是，至少目前为止我们可以看到，对宇宙万物… It is, as far as we can tell, a precisely accurate description
最精准无误的描写 of everything we look at in the universe.
但爱因斯坦马上明白他的方程式可以做更多 But Einstein soon realised his equations could do far more.
它可以重写那最普世通用的人类故事 They could rewrite the most universal of human stories.
阿波罗8号 1968年 12月25日
"起初神创造天地" "In the beginning, God created the heaven and the earth..."
"地是空虚混沌" "..and the earth was without form and void
"渊面黑暗" "and darkness was upon the face of the deep."
"神的灵运行水面上" "And the spirit of God moved upon the face of the water
"神说，要有光" "and God said, 'Let there be light'..."
"就有了光" "..and there was light."
爱因斯坦的方程式让你能建构出时空的形状 Einstein's equations allow you to predict the shape of space-time
让物质能分布到里面 given the distribution of matter within it.
所以如果你插入一个球型状的物质到他的方程式里 So if you plug a spherical blob of matter into his equations -
比如说，太阳 - 于是爱因斯坦的方程式给了你太阳系 the sun, let's say - then Einstein's equations give you a solar system.
他们使你能了解它的过去并预测出它的未来 They allow you to understand its past and to predict its future.
爱因斯坦发表了他的理论后不久 And shortly after Einstein published the theory,
他有了另一个快乐的想法 he had another happy thought.
他想，嗯，如果你能在太阳系这么做 He thought, well, if you can do that for a solar system,
为什么不能在整个宇宙？ why can't you do it for a universe?
你想像一下 Think about that for a minute -
了解过去并预测整个宇宙的未来 understand the past and predict the future of the entire universe.
就连爱因斯坦也觉得自已走远了 Even Einstein thought he'd gone too far.
因为如果要做到这样，你需要知道物质是如何分布的 Because to do that, you need to know how matter is distributed
不只是一颗星球，而是横跨整个宇宙 not just around a single star, but across the whole cosmos.
最简单你能做的就是假设在宇宙中… The simplest thing you can do is to assume that the universe
所有的地方都是一样的，没有一个特别的地方 is the same everywhere, there are no special places.
假设所有的物质都是均衡分布的 You assume a completely uniform matter distribution.
而当你这样做 And when you do that,
爱因斯坦的方程式有了惊人的预测 then Einstein's equations predict something surprising.
它预测了宇宙不会是静止的 They predict that the universe can't be static,
宇宙是有活力的，持续不断的在变化 that the universe is dynamic, it's constantly changing.
现在，假如你有一个在扩张的宇宙 Now, if you have an expanding universe,
那么这意味着它过去比现在小 then that implies that it was smaller in the past,
而最终，它意味着曾经有一个开始 and ultimately, it implies that there was a beginning.
比利时神父及数学家 乔治·勒梅特 The Belgium priest and mathematician ,
他曾是第一个漂亮的给出了解答的人， who was one of the first to work on these solutions, put it beautifully.
他说，"宇宙一定有一天是没有昨天的。" He said, "The universe must have had a day without a yesterday."
爱因斯坦的方程式描述了宇宙的演化 Einstein's equations describe the evolution of the universe
一路回到他的诞生时刻 all the way back to its very first moments.
从他的成年期，有着成熟的星球和星系 From its adulthood, with mature stars and galaxies...
通过青春期 ..through adolescence...
到他的孩童期，第一颗星球形成之时 ..to its childhood and the formation of the first stars.
随着每一步往回看，空间结构在收缩 With every step back in time, the fabric of space contracts
宇宙愈来愈小 and the universe gets smaller.
直到138亿年前，他诞生了… Until 13.8 billion years ago, it was born...
在大爆炸之中 in the big bang.
而也许我们对宇宙探索的最终胜利 And perhaps the ultimate triumph of our exploration of the cosmos
是在过去的一些日子里 is that in the last few years
我们帮他拍了照片，在他的幼儿期 we've taken a snapshot of the universe in its infancy.
十，九，八，七 Dix, neuf, huit, sept,
六，五， six, cinq,
四，三，二，一 quatre, trois, deux, un...
启动 Go!
在2009年5月14日 On 14th May 2009,
普朗克卫星发射了 the Planck Satellite was launched
由欧洲太空总署在法属圭亚那 from ESA's spaceport in French Guiana.
它的任务是旅行… Its mission was to travel
150万公里进入太空 one and a half million kilometres into deep space
在那里，远离所有来自地球的干扰 and there, far from any interference from earth,
去见证宇宙的诞生 to witness the birth of the cosmos.
四年之内，普朗克走遍了天空 For four years, Planck scoured the heavens,
收集了宇宙间最古老的光线 gathering the oldest light in the universe -
那光线开始它的旅程前往地球时 light that began its journey to earth
还没有任何人类存在可以见证 long before there were any humans to witness it.
那光线比任何星系都要年长 Light that is older than any galaxy,
比任何恒星都老 more ancient than any star.
宇宙微波背景辐射 The cosmic microwave background.
这是那光线的照片 This is the photograph of that light
它们在大爆炸380,000年后被释放 that was released 380,000 years after the big bang
然后旅行了自此以后的整个宇宙 and has been journeying through the cosmos ever since,
几乎是整个宇宙的历史 for almost the entire history of the universe.
它就是大爆炸的落日余晖 It really is the afterglow of the big bang.
在那最初的时刻 In those first moments,
宇宙曾是热烫、混浊的电浆火球 the universe was a fireball of hot, opaque plasma.
随着冷却下来，第一颗原子形成 But as it cooled, the first atoms formed
第一道光自在的漫游在宇宙之中 and the first light was free to roam through the universe.
那光线中，以微小的温度差异编成的密码 And encoded in minute temperature differences in that light,
是我们最初起源的故事 is the story of our earliest origins.
那些辐射温度中的微小变化 Those tiny variations in the temperature of this radiation
和密度微小变化的一致性 which correspond to tiny fluctuations in density
在宇宙只有380,000岁的时候 in the universe when it was only 380,000 years old
是极其重要的 are vitally important,
因为这些是星系的种子 because these are the seeds of the galaxies.
没有这些细微的密度变化 Without these slight density variations,
那么就没有任何东西能让物质靠近结合 there would have been nothing for matter to coalesce around
我们就不会存在 and we wouldn't exist.
而那让这成为，我觉得 And that makes this, I think,
目前为止，有史以来最棒的图片 by far the most remarkable picture of all time.
所以，这是我们在空间与时间中的位置 So this is our place in space and time -
从大爆炸开始138亿年 13.8 billion years from the big bang...
距离银河系中心27,000光年 ..27,000 light years from the centre of the Milky Way galaxy...
在一颗岩石行星上绕着一颗黄色主序星 ..on a rocky world orbiting a yellow main sequence star.
今天，6月21日 Today, the 21st of June,
地球的北半球偏向太阳的位置 the earth's northern hemisphere is tilted towards the sun...
在波兰这里，人们聚集在一起 ..and here in Poland, people gather
庆祝一年之中最短的黑夜 to celebrate the shortest night of the year.
我们这一路走来 We've come a long way.
在只有500年的时间里，我们旅行到了太阳系的边缘 In only 500 years, we've journeyed to the edge of our solar system
并帮我们的地球家园拍了照片 and photographed our home world.
我们计数了星系 We've counted the galaxies,
我们补捉了宇宙中最古老的光线 we've captured the most ancient light in the universe
算出了他的年纪，这么做的同时 and measured its age, and in doing so,
我们发现了我们只是一颗行星… we've discovered that we are just one planet
绕着一颗恒星，数千亿中的一颗 in orbit around one star amongst billions,
身在一个星系，飘浮在数万亿… inside one galaxy amongst trillions,
甚至是无限多的时空之海中 afloat in a possibly infinite sea of space-time.
要找到我们在宇宙中的位置 In finding our place in the universe,
我们必须去了解，我们是多微不足道且脆弱的存在 we've come to realise how small and fragile a part of it we are.
但这是最光荣的进场，进入微不足道 But it's been the most glorious ascent into insignificance,
因为我们的生理降级是不可避免的结果… because our physical demotion has been the inevitable consequence
在智能无畏无惧的向上攀升之后 of a daring intellectual climb
从是众神的木偶 from being the puppets of the gods
到成为那最罕见珍贵的… to that most rare and precious thing,
一个科技的文明 a scientific civilisation.
那个在宇宙中我们知道，唯一的… The only one we know of anywhere in the universe
有能力找到他在大自然中真实的位置 that's been able to comprehend its true place in nature.
而那是我们最伟大的成就。 And that is our greatest achievement.