我们每一个人都是由物质组成 Each one of us is made from mere matter...
但我们是有好奇心的物质 ..yet we are matter with curiosity,
我们问问题 we ask questions.
在我们心灵的最深处 And, in the private world of our minds,
一个特别的问题在燃烧 one particular question burns...
我们为什么在这里？ Why are we here?
地球上有空气和水
所以这里存在生命
神创造我们，让我们可以帮助别人
我们来到世上，是为了赎罪
我觉得我们存在都有理由
为自己，或是为别人
这个问题的科学解释 A scientific answer to this question
也许就在不远处 may not be far away.
人类宇宙
MAN CHANTS
假如我们每一个人的存在都是独一无二的 If the existence of any one of us is singled out
"我们为何存在？"这个问题的答案 the answer to the question "Why are we here?"
看来只是纯粹的偶然 looks like pure chance.
就像每一个独一无二的个体 Like any particular individual,
小宝宝Shurik来到这个世界 baby Shurik was born into this world as the culmination
是经过一连串不可思议的巧合 of a chain of apparent coincidences.
连续不停的巧合，以至于乍看之下 A chain so long that, at first sight,
似乎根本不可能 it looks highly improbable.
那颗特定的精子必须与那颗特定的卵子结合 The chance that a particular sperm reached a particular egg...
Shurik的父母必须相遇 The chance that baby Shurik's parents happened to meet...
她的祖父母也必须相遇 and their parents too...
她世世代代的祖先们都必须相遇 and generations of ancestors before that.
别在这里停下 But don't stop there.
这一连串巧合的源头要回到更久以前 The apparent coincidences go back much further than that...
回到我们的地球和它在宇宙中的位置 ..to our planet and its position in space.
看来我们好像生活在完美的宇宙，一颗完美的星球之上 We appear to live on a perfect planet in a perfect universe.
让人感觉这一切都是为我们设计的 It feels as if it's been made for us.
地球以完美的距离绕着一颗恒星运转 The Earth orbits at just the right distance around just the right star
所以我们得到了不多也不少的地表温度 for the temperatures on its surface to be just right
让液态水得以存在 to permit liquid water to exist.
地球温度一直保持完美状态，持续了四十亿年 And those temperatures have remained just right for four billion years,
给了我们大量的时间得以进化 which is just the right amount of time for us to have evolved.
而这些幸运的巧合一直持续到太阳系之外 And this seeming luck continues beyond our solar system.
我们生活在一个以完美比率膨涨的宇宙 We live in a universe that's expanding at just the right rate
让恒星和星系得以形成 for stars and galaxies to form.
而在这里恒星内部，基本作用力 And within those stars, the forces of nature are just
以刚刚好的强度让生命的原素得以合成 the right strength to allow them to assemble the elements of life,
碳、氧和铁在恒星内部合成 carbon, oxygen and iron, in their cores.
假如你往回探寻 If you trace it right back,
你存在于宇宙的机率不只是小而已 the odds of YOU existing in this universe don't just look small,
看来是小到几乎不可能 they seem almost infinitesimally small.
我们为何存在？ Why are we here?
我们的存在只是意外吗？ Is our existence merely accidental?
假如我们只是一场美丽的意外 And if we are just happy accidents,
那宇宙本身呢？ then what about the universe?
它的形成、它的作用、它的存在 Is its form, its nature, its very existence
也是一场意外吗？ also accidental?
如果是这样的话，这对你来说有什么意义？ And if that's the case, what does it mean to you?
我觉得现代科学已经来到能够回答这些问题的阶段 Well, I think modern science is very close to answering these questions
在这部影片中，我想告诉你为什么我这样觉得 and, in this film, I want to tell you why I think that.
WIND HOWLS
印度教礼拜学校
Shankar今年12岁 Shankar is 12 years old
他从8岁开始就住在学校里 and has lived at this school since he was eight.
他每三个月才见他的父母一次 He sees his parents only every three months...
但对他而言，这一切都值得 But, to him, it's worth it
因为他有一个非凡的人生在等着他 because he has a singular life ahead of him
成为一个印度教的祭司，婆罗门 (婆罗门为种姓制度的最高等级) as a Hindu priest, or Brahman.
我必须成为一个祭司
我对这个很有兴趣
我也对一些其他的事很有兴趣
我最喜欢的就是板球
Shankar是这里的40个学生之一 Shankar is one of 40 students here,
他们为担任印度教神职而受训练 all of them training for the Hindu priesthood.
CHATTER AND LAUGHTER
他们过着严格规律的生活，从早上五点开始 Their day follows a strict routine starting at 5am.
BELL CHIMES
CHANTING
几乎每一天，学生们从早上七点开始吟诵经文 Almost every day the students chant between seven in the morning
一直到晚上七点 and seven at night.
他们吟诵吠陀经，这古老的经文可追溯到四千年前 They're chanting Vedas, ancient verses which date back
内容包含了诗作与神话 4,000 years, containing the poetry and myths
及印度教的基本教义 on which Hinduism is based.
BELL CHIMES
这些宗教经文有着让人意想不到的思想 These religious verses hold some unexpected thoughts.
它包含了数学，零的概念。They contain the concept of zero
也探讨了无穷的概念 and they touch on the notion of infinity.
而且他们应用数学观念像是圆周率、平方根 And they use mathematical concepts such as Pi, square roots
还有勾股定理 (毕氏定理) and Pythagoras' theorem.
这些年长一些的男孩们所学习的，在吠陀经的一个章节之中 And, in one part of the Rig Veda learned by the older boys,
你可以发现一个非常有趣的思想 you can find a very interesting thought.
他包含了那个最重要的问题 It addresses a crucial question
关于宇宙的形成 about the formation of the universe.
神本身是在万物创造之后
所以谁能知道万物是如何形成的呢？
"神在万物创造之后" "The gods are later than creation."
我觉得这是很了不起的概念 I think that's a remarkable sentence.
这显现出了非凡的智慧和坦率 It displays real intellectual rigour and honesty.
"神本身在万物创造之后"
所以谁能知道万物是如何形成的呢？
很明显的，这不是一个很好的答案 It's obviously not a sufficiently good answer to say,
去回答世间万物存在是因为某种意志要它存在 "Well, all this exists because it was willed into existence
所有的一切都是神的旨意 "merely by some kind of deity."
很合理的问出这个问题 It's reasonable to then ask the question,
那是谁创造了神呢？ Well, what's the origin of the deity?
神是永远存在的吗？宇宙是永远存在的吗？ "Has the deity existed forever, has the universe existed forever?"
所以我觉得，光是看到这些思维模式 So, I think, just seeing signs of that...
这种思维模式，你可以说 that kind of thinking which is really what you might say
就是科学的思维模式中最重要的一环 the prerequisite or the first signs of a scientific way of thinking.
科学的方法告诉我们，如果我们要去问 The scientific approach acknowledges that if we're ever going to ask
那个最华丽的问题，像是"我们为何存在？" grand questions like "Why are we here?"
我们要先问"我们如何存在？" we have to begin with "how".
在我的观点来看，科学是一场谦逊的探索 In my view science is a...a humble pursuit.
它从问一些最简单的问题开始，像是， It starts by asking very simple questions, asks questions like,
为什么你抛出一个物体 "Why is it that when you let something go
它会掉下来？ "it falls to the ground?"
你再抛一次，它会再掉下来一次 You let it go, it falls to the ground again,
一次又一次，你发现这就是大自然的规则 falls to the ground again, you observe regularities in nature,
微小、难以察觉的规则 tiny, small regularities,
然后试着去解释它们，去实验，了解它们 and try and explain them and model them, understand them.
因为这些过程，导致了 Through that process we've been led to
现代科学不断的进步，最终让我们有能力去回答 an intellectual framework that maybe allows us
像是"万物的起源"这样的问题 to answer questions about the very origin of reality itself.
从菜市场到外太空 From the marketplace to outer space,
这些大自然的规则几乎无所不在 those regularities in nature can be found almost everywhere you look.
伽利略曾说大自然就像是一本书 Galileo said nature is a book
以数学语言书写而成 written in the language of mathematics.
你想要发现那大自然中的数学语言 And, the more you start to look for that language,
你看的愈多，就会发现 the more you see it...
无所不在 ..everywhere.
河流以很随机的方式弯曲分布在地表之上 Rivers meander through the landscape in a seemingly random way
如果你只是看几个弯曲处 and if you just look at a few turns
那它们是随机的 then they will be random.
河流可能会改变路线 The river might change its course
因为地理结构，巨大的岩石 because of some geology, a big rock formation.
但是如果你以宏观的角度来看河流 But if you look at a river over a large length,
以几百、几千公里为单位来看 say tens or hundreds of kilometres,
你就会发现这些弯曲好像没那么随机 then you see that the meanders aren't quite random,
有一种模式在里面，是有规律的 a pattern emerges, there's order there.
这是一张卫星照片，可以看到河流的弯曲 This is the satellite picture of the bend in the river,
在这里你可以看到 the meander you can see here,
这和数学之间的关系 and the mathematical relationship,
我们在寻找的模式，在这里 the pattern that we're looking for, is this.
如果你测量这些曲线的波长 If I measure the wavelength of the meander,
你量一条线 ，which is just the length between the point
从河流开始弯的地方量起 where the river starts to turn
弯上去再弯下来，然后停在弯曲消失的地方 and meanders up and then meanders down and comes back again,
你可以看到在这地图上的话是大约11公分 you see it's around 11 centimetres on this map.
然后如果我测量河流本身的宽度 And then if I measure the width of the river at this point
大约是一公分宽 then it's something like one centimetre,
所以弯曲处的波长 so the ratio of the wave length
和河流本身的宽度之间的比率，以这个例子来说，是11 of the meander to the width of the river, in this case, is about 11.
有趣的事情来了，如果你把这个比率套用到整条河 Now, the interesting thing is that if you take this whole river,
不只是一个弯曲处，而是数百个弯曲处 so not just one bend but hundreds of bends,
你会发现这个比率 you'll find that that ratio is always somewhere
都会在10到14之间 between about 10 and 14.
更有趣的是，这不只是适用在这一条河 What's very interesting is it's not just this river,
这条河并不特别 this isn't a special river.
如果你去看地球上的任何一条河 If you look at any river on the planet,
不管是小溪还是大河 no matter how small or wide,
你会发现比率永远在10到14之间 you'll find that it's always somewhere between 10 and 14.
很明显的这是一种模式 There's obviously some pattern there,
这告诉了我们，"流动"似乎有一种基本模式 it reflects something fundamental about the way that fluids
弯沿分布在地球表面上 flow across the surface of Planet Earth.
这规则同样也适用于其他星球 And this rule can even be seen on other planets.
在火星上，河流已经干枯许久 On Mars, the rivers have long since dried up,
但是干枯的河流展现出了同样的弯曲模式 but the arid river beds show the same meandering pattern.
Titan，这是土星最大的卫星 And on Titan, the largest moon of the planet Saturn,
Titan的河流是甲烷河，弯沿在冰层岩床上 the rivers are made of methane cutting through a bedrock of ice.
但就算在这里，也可以发现一样的比率 But even here the same ratio appears to exist.
这个规则似乎可用在所有的河流 This rule seems to hold true for every river
横跨整个太阳系 found across the solar system.
规律隐藏在万物之中，从石头、河流和自然景观 Order is hidden in everything, from rivers, rocks and landscapes
到有生命的东西 to living things,
就连那些最美丽、最难以捉摸的生物也不例外 even the most exotic and elusive of creatures.
很久很久以前，在世界刚开始有人类的时候 "In the days when everybody started fair, Best Beloved,
花豹生活在一个叫大高原的地方 "the Leopard lived in a place called the High Veldt.
那里有长颈鹿和斑马，大羚羊和弯角羚 "The Giraffe and the Zebra and the Eland and the Koodoo
还有大角羚都住在那里 "and the Hartebeest lived there,
但花豹是他们所有之中最特别的 "but the Leopard, he was the 'sclusivest
花豹的颜色最接近土的颜色、沙子的颜色、石头的颜色 "sandiest-yellowish-brownest of them all."
这是Rudyard Kipling的童话故事，"花豹是怎么得到斑点的" Rudyard Kipling's Just So story, How The Leopard Got Its Spots,
讲述了一个衣索匹亚人和一只花豹是朋友的故事 tells the story of an Ethiopian man who was the Leopard's friend,
衣索匹亚人和花豹一起打猎 he used to go hunting with the Leopard.
然后有一天他注意到花豹 And one day he noticed that the Leopard wasn't being
好像不是很成功，它的皮毛只有单调的土黄色 very successful, it had a plain, sandy coat,
而它的猎物们都开始有了伪装 whereas all the other animals had camouflage.
他说：让我教你几招吧，花豹 He said, "That's a trick worth learning, Leopard."
然后他用他的手指在花豹的皮毛上 So he took his fingers and his thumb and he pressed
按出那特有的，独特的 into the Leopard's coat to give it that distinctive
五点形状的伪装斑点 five-pointed camouflage pattern.
先不谈这个衣索匹亚猎人给了所有花豹斑点的故事 So, in the absence of an Ethiopian hunter present at the birth
那花豹到底是怎么得到斑点的呢？ of every leopard, how did the leopard get its spots?
没有人会争论花豹有斑点的原因 No-one disputes the reason why leopards have spots,
它们进化用来伪装 they evolved as camouflage.
但是斑点是如何开始出现在它们的皮毛上呢？ What's less obvious is how the pattern appears on their coats.
(WHISPERS) 哦，在那里 Oh, there, yeah, yeah.
看到了吗？ Let's have a look.
了不起！ Fantastic.
它躲在那个小石堆里 He's ducked down into a little... little valley.
这很有意思，当你一转开视线 It's really interesting, the moment you lose sight of the leopard
然后再转回来去看花豹 then you turn round to see it again,
你很难很难找到它 it's very, very difficult to find it.
你必须等到它有动作 You've essentially got to wait till it moves.
这展现了花豹的伪装能力 It just shows you the effectiveness of camouflage.
这个复杂的伪装是如何从数百万个 How does that complex camouflage emerge from the millions
单独的细胞分子形成于花豹的皮毛上？ of separate cells across the leopard's skin?
量出 Measure out...
一份精确数量的指示剂 ..a precise amount of indicator.
然后我把它加进去 Then I'm just going to add it in.
我们发现原来复杂的花纹可以形成 It turns out that complex patterns can emerge
于最简单的成份 from simple ingredients.
然后，混合一下 And, mix them up.
接下来把它倒进培养皿里 Now, if I pour this into this Petri dish...
看到了吗？ There, you see?
现在你可以看到颜色重新显现 And now can you see the colour coming back,
又暗下来 fading back in?
这不是一般的化学反应 It's not the usual chemical reaction,
你混合不同的原料，然后产生爆炸和一堆蓝烟 you mix two things together, you get a big bang or a cloud of blue smoke,
那些化学家们最爱的事 which is what all chemists love.
这个反应过程持续不断的振荡 This reaction is continually oscillating
前进又后退 backwards and forwards.
我们一开始把两种简单的原料 So we started with the simplest of ingredients,
混合在一起 mixed them together
然后它们产生了 and they reacted in such a way
那种复杂性 that complexity,
那花纹，形成于那最简单的成份 that pattern, emerged from the underlying simplicity.
相似的过程也在生物上发生 A similar process happens in living things.
当花豹还只是一个胚胎 When the leopard was still an embryo,
想像那两种不同的化学原素，流动过它的皮肤 it's thought that two competing chemicals, washing over the skin,
创造出那有特色的斑点 created the distinctive spots.
假如你有着黄棕色的皮毛 So if you have a sandy background,
你可以想像其中一种化学原素 then you can imagine one of these chemicals
引起或催化颜色显现 ;that causes or stimulates pigment to appear,
所以当它增加时你得到深色斑点 so as it grows you get a dark spot.
当它衰减的时候，你回到黄棕色皮毛 Where it's inhibited and drops you return to the sandy background.
它再一次增加，你得到深色斑点 It grows again, you get a dark spot
然后又回到黄棕色皮毛 and returns to the sandy background.
相信同样的原理也创造了老虎的条纹 The same principle is believed to create the stripes of the tiger,
斑马和海螺，太多的列子 the zebra and the sea snail, to name just a few.
科学家们非常兴奋 Scientists get very excited
当他们找到了科学可以解释像这样的事情 when they discover an explanation like this
因为这代表我们对大自然的了解更深入 because it means we've understood something much deeper about nature
那就是复杂性来自于最简单的事物 and that's that complexity masks an underlying simplicity.
所有这些大自然中的复杂性 All the intricacy that we see across the natural world
形成于一些最简单不过的法则 emerges from a few simple laws.
河流的曲折和花豹的斑点 The meander of a river and a leopard's spots
只是两个例子关于大自然中的模式 are just two examples of patterns in nature,
还有许多数不尽的例子 but there are countless more.
透过仔细观察大自然中的模式 By looking carefully at the patterns in nature
然后试着了解它们的原因 and trying to understand their origin,
这就是 哥白尼 和 开普勒 that's what Copernicus and Kepler
牛顿 和 爱因斯坦 和 伽利略 and Newton and Einstein and Galileo
居里夫人 和 狄拉克 和 费曼 和其他许许多多科学家们做过的事 and Curie and Dirac and Feynman and a thousand others have discovered.
那些大自然中的规律性 There are regularities in nature,
那些模式存在任何你能看见的地方 there are patterns as far as the eye can see,
存在于所有的尺度，从原子到星系 on every scale from atoms to galaxies
而那些模式反映出了大自然法则中 and those patterns are a reflection of the simplicity and beauty
那单纯的、简单的、无以言喻的美 of the underlying laws of nature.
创造的蓝图确实存在 A blueprint for creation does exist,
科学版本的蓝图 a scientific one.
但是物理学要如何解释 But how do the laws of physics explain the existence
人类的存在？ of human beings?
一颗颗原子是如何？或为什么会聚在一起形成一个独一无二的人 How, or why, did atoms come together to form us in particular?
板球对很多人来说是难以理解的 The game of cricket is unfathomable to some
但是对于那些懂的人来说，简直难以抗拒 but to those who understand it it's bewitching.
我真的很喜欢，不知道怎么解释 I really love it, I just can't express it...
我不知道怎么说 I...I don't express it in words.
我的梦想是参加印度国家队 My dream is to play for India.
这是我从小到大的目标 This is what I've been aiming for since my childhood.
今天 Subitu和他的队友 Today Subitu Bose and his team-mates
要对抗 Neerja Modi 学校的队伍 are playing against rivals Neerja Modi School.
板球是建立在一套规则之上的 Cricket is based on a set of rules
从1800年以来，基乎没有改变 and they haven't altered significantly since the 1800s.
CHEERING
先不管这些规则 But, despite the existence of these rules,
没有一场比赛是可以预测的 no match is ever predictable.
拿球来说好了 Take, for instance, the ball.
环境会对球的行进造成很大影响 Climate makes a big difference to its swing,
青草上的露珠 dew picked up from wet grass
或是光秃干燥的地面 or scuffing from dry ground...
更不用说球是如何被投出 ..not to mention how it's bowled.
然后还有球棒 And then there's the bat.
每一个打击者都有自己偏好的球棒，特定的重量 Each batsman has a preference for a bat of a particular weight
而那会对他的打击产生影响 and that will affect his stroke.
别忘了每个球员有不同的个性 Not forgetting the temperament of each player,
裁判的情緖 the mood of the umpire
观众的情绪 and the mood of the crowd.
当你有这么多的变数，可能性的数量是巨大的 When you get so many variables, the number of possibilities
不过这些复杂性 becomes enormous and yet all this complexity
都是建立在固定的规则之上 emerged from a set of fixed rules.
板球比赛建立在一套简单的基本规则之上 A game of cricket is played out according to a set of simple laws
宇宙也是一样 and so it is for the universe,
这里就是宇宙的规则 and here are the laws of the universe.
这是粒子物理学的标准模型 This is the standard model of particle physics
然后这是爱因斯坦的广义相对论 and this is Einstein's General Theory of Relativity
你很轻易可以把它们写在记分卡上 and you can fit them easily on a scorecard.
这本是板球规则 And here are the laws of cricket
我必须这样说，至少以这本规则来说 and it has to be said, at least in this notation,
板球比宇宙还要复杂 that cricket is more complicated than the universe.
但就算有这些规则 But even given these simple laws,
板球和宇宙能产生出的变化 the number of ways that both games can play out
可以说是无限的 is effectively infinite.
所以这些规则并没有让结局变得可以预测 So the laws do not make the outcome predictable.
但我们最在乎的就是结局 But all we really care about is the outcome.
以板球来说，谁赢了？ In the case of the game of cricket - who won?
以宇宙来说，我们存在！ In the case of the game of the universe - we exist.
对于板球比赛 And for the cricket match,
比赛的结果可能决定于最小的事件 the result could have turned on the tiniest,
许多微小、琐碎的事件 most insignificant little event,
你握球的方式，投出的角度 the way the ball gripped the pitch and deflected off
球在草地上弹跳，削过球棒的边缘 a couple of blades of grass, clipped the edge of the bat
然后进到补手的手套 and was caught by the wicketkeeper.
对宇宙来说也是一样 And it's the same for the universe.
两颗微小的粒子在一百亿年前产生了碰撞 Some collision of two dust particles ten billion years ago
产生了一连串看来微不足道的连锁反应 could have led to a chain of seemingly insignificant,
这些微小的，一连串的小事件 infinitesimally unlikely little events
最后领我们走向了那件我们最在乎的事 that led to something that we care deeply about.
我们的存在 Our existence.
今天这场板球比赛的结果 Today the way the game of cricket played out
对Bose来说是让人失望的 had an undesired outcome for Bose.
野手防守住了，嗯 The fielder caught my, er...
接到了球，在这里 caught the ball here.
那一球我要是打的… Had I have hit the ball a little to the...
往他的左边或是右边一点，那球应该会出界的 to his left or right, it would have gone to the boundary.
但是很遗憾，直接往他的方向打过去 But, sadly, it went straight to the fielder.
我那时就像， 啊， I was like, "Ahh...
我在搞什么？ "What have I done?"
就像板球比赛一样 Just like a game of cricket,
宇宙产生了这个让人类存在的结果 the way the universe played out to create us humans
并不只是由规则决定的 was not determined by the rules alone.
可能性也占了一大部份 Chance played a part, too.
这座寺庙已经超过一千年了 This temple's over a thousand years old,
这是供奉湿婆-毁灭之神的地方 it's dedicated to Lord Shiva the Destroyer
这里是依照密宗传统建造而成的 and it's built in the Tantric tradition,
所以这也可说是颂扬愉悦的地方 which is at least in part a celebration of pleasure.
同时我也发现了一些很有教育性的东西 But whilst I find some of these suggestions instructive,
这不是我们今天来这里的原因 that's not why we're here.
我们来这里是因为这座寺庙的位置 We're here because of the location of this temple.
因为这座寺庙位于一个三公里宽的大坑洞中心 Because this temple is in the centre of a crater, three kilometres wide.
地质学家还在争论这是怎么形成的 Geologists are still debating what made it
这很有可能这是一个疤痕 ，but it could well be the scar left by a meteorite
由陨石撞击地球而形成的 smashing into the Earth.
纵观地球一生的时间 Throughout its lifetime the Earth has been
一直持续不断被来自太空的物体轰炸 constantly bombarded by objects from space.
你去想一想那某一次特别的碰撞 Think about one particular collision,
6,600百万年前差不多让所有恐龙都灭绝的那一次碰撞 the impact that probably wiped out the dinosaurs 66 million years ago,
我们往回想 and think about the history,
那颗撞击地球的陨石，它的一生 the lifetime of that rock that smashed into the Earth.
想像如果有一天，那颗陨石一生中的某一天 Imagine one particular day in the lifetime of that rock,
在某一个轨道，说几十亿年前好了 on one orbit, perhaps billions of years ago,
有另一颗石头，不比这个大 when another rock, no bigger than that,
它没有错过，它击中了那颗陨石 instead of missing it, hit it,
非常小的，微不足道的改变了陨石的轨道 smashed into it and changed its orbit very, very slightly.
但是经过百万年又百万年的轨道绕行 And, over millions and millions of orbits, that change
那微不足道的改变被放大了，也许，那一天 would have got amplified, until, perhaps, that day,
6,600百万年前的那天，陨石没有击中地球 66 million years ago, instead of smashing into the Earth,
恐龙们看着天空 the dinosaurs were looking up at the sky
它们看到一个巨大的火球划破天空 and they saw a fireball blaze across the sky
经过而不是击中地球 and miss rather than hit .
那会改写整个历史 That would have changed history.
很有可能恐龙到今天还会在地球上散步 In all probability the dinosaurs would still be roaming
而我们，可能不会存在 the surface of the Earth today and we probably wouldn't exist.
但事实上陨石击中地球了，恐龙全部灭绝 But the rock DID strike, the dinosaurs WERE wiped out,
一场意外让人类的存在变的可能 and purely by chance our human existence became possible.
决定性的意外对我们的存在也是同等重要的 And fateful accidents of equal importance for our existence
这也发生在微观的世界 have also happened on a much smaller scale.
CAMEL GRUNTS
在普斯赫卡尔，他们有赛骆驼的传统 In Pushkar they have quite a tradition of camel racing.
BRIAN CHUCKLES
有一种说法是这样的 There's a saying, apparently,
就是骆驼和骑他的人各走各的 which is the camel and its driver go their own way...
这被证明了 ..and there's the proof.
尽管如此，骆驼和我们有着令人惊讶的相似处 Despite that, there's a surprising similarity between camels and us.
我现在要做的就是取一些我的细胞样本 Now what I'm going to do is I'm going to take a sample of my cells
和一些骆驼的细胞样本 and a sample of the camel's cells.
- 它叫什么名字？Rapi What's his name? - Rapi. Rapi.
- Rapi? - Yeah. - Right.
取我的细胞样本很简单 So to take my cell sample is quite easy.
我只需要… I just have to...
在我的脸颊里面这样搓一下 ..rub that on the corner of my cheek
这里就有了我的脸颊细胞 so there are my cheek cells on there.
我现在要对Rapi做一样的事，你能帮我把他的… I'm going to do the same now to Rapi, but could you hold him,
把它的嘴巴打开吗？ hold his mouth open?
CAMEL GRUNTS
这样吧，我可以请你帮我吗？ Actually, you know what, can I ask you to come?
我不可能把手伸进去 There's no way I'm going in there!
你能在它的脸颊上搓一下吗？ Can you just rub that on his cheek?
这样可以了，行了 That...that's going to be enough, that's plenty.
够多了，可以了，拿给我 That's plenty, yeah, and then hand it over there.
很好！ There we go!
谢谢你，谢谢 Right, thank you, thank you.
我道歉 I apologise.
我们现在有了Rapi的细胞样本 So now we've got a... a sample of Rapi's cells
还有我的样本 and a sample of my cells
我们来做一些比较 and we'll make a comparison.
再次道歉 I apologise again.
这里是我的一小片细胞 So this is the slide of my cheek cell.
你可以看到有一个蓝色的点 You see there it's stained blue.
满小的，但是我可以看到细节 Quite small, but I can see detail inside it.
然后这里是一小片骆驼的细胞 And this is a slide of the camel's cheek cells.
很明显的就是，它们看起来一模一样 And the most obvious thing to say is they look identical,
不可能分辨出不同 impossible to tell them apart,
那是因为对于某方面的意图和目的，我们是一模一样的 and that's because for all intents and purposes they are identical
那是因为我和骆驼都是哺乳动物 and that's because myself and the camels over there are mammals.
但是 But...
如果你看得仔细一点 if you look more closely,
你可以看到细胞内部 then you see that the cells have
有许多结构 many structures inside them.
最明显的地方是细胞核 The most obvious feature is the nucleus,
也就是储存我们大多数DNA的地方 where most of our DNA is stored.
你也可以看到数百个小点 But you can also see hundreds of little dots.
这些结构叫做粒线体 Many of these structures are called mitochondria.
他们是细胞里的发电厂 These are the power stations found in the cells
存在于所有复杂生物之中 of every complex living thing.
但是很久很久以前，这个生命的基本结构 And, yet, once upon a time these essential structures
曾经是分裂的，各自独立生活的个体 were separate, free-living creatures.
很久以前，２到３０亿年前 A long time ago, two or three billion years ago,
地球上只有单细胞生物 the Earth was populated only by single-celled organisms,
两个大王国，细菌和古生菌 two great kingdoms of life, the bacteria and the archaea,
可以这么说，世界非常无趣 and, it has to be said, things were pretty dull,
没有什么是可以称作复杂的，事实上 there was nothing that we might call complex and, in fact,
没有什么事件发生 very little happened.
这两种单细胞生物只是维持原样 Those two single-celled things just stayed the same
几十亿年 for billions of years.
直到有一天，一场意外，改变了一切 But then one day, quite by accident, everything changed.
许多生物学家相信发生的事情就是，有一天细菌 What many biologists believe to have happened is that a bacterium
跑进了古生菌的体内，但基于某种原因，没有被消化掉 got inside an archaean and for some reason wasn't digested.
取而代之的，一种共生关系开始了 Instead, a symbiotic relationship began.
细菌得到了古生菌的保护 The bacterium may have been protected by the archaean
同时古生菌从细菌那里得到产生能量的方法 while the archaean got access to the energy generated by the bacterium.
一旦那细胞得到了产生巨大能量的方法 Once that cell had access to the vast amounts of energy,
细菌带来的无限潜能 the potential that the internal bacterium gave it,
所有的枷锁都被松脱了 then basically all hell broke loose.
那能量使细胞有能力建造更大的殖民地 And that energy allowed the cell to begin to work in larger colonies,
开始打造复杂的有机生物 to begin to build complex living things.
所以今天你体内的粒线体， So the mitochondria in your cells today are the descendants
是几十亿年前，意外碰撞下的产物 of that chance collision billions of years ago.
那非凡的事件，那决定性的相遇 That singular event, that fateful encounter,
是纯粹的意外。但细胞从此进化出了 was purely accidental, but the cells that it produced had such
生存上的优势，粒线体所带来的能量 a survival advantage, the energy made available to them
让一切变得可以发生，这是自然选择所带来超乎你能想像的结局 by the mitochondria, that its effect was amplified beyond imagination
而这部份，并不是意外，也不是随机的 by natural selection, which is not accidental and it is non-random.
所以这是意外和规则之间的交互作用 So it's the interaction between accident and rules,
可能性被大自然规则的框架层层限制 chance heavily constrained in the framework of natural laws,
但最终却导致人类演化到地球之上 that led to the evolution of humans here on the Earth.
我们的宇宙，并没有一个特别的目标 In our universe there was no particular aim,
没有一个让人类存在的计划 no intention for us humans to exist.
宇宙间的生命就像一场板球比赛 Instead the life of the universe is just like a game of cricket...
规则和意外交互作用着 ..where rules and chance play out together...
而非常意外的，出现了一个有人类的宇宙 ..and quite by accident happen to produce a human universe.
几个世纪以来，我们努力的探索 Over the course of centuries we've worked to find
这个规则和意外结合下诞生的世界 the combination of rules and accidents that made today's world.
我们现在了解了很多大自然的规则 We now understand the laws of nature so well
让我们从科学理性的角度去了解了… that we have at least a reasonable scientific understanding
这一连串事件中的每一步，从当下， of every step in that chain, from the present day
到大爆炸最初的那个时刻。这是了不起的成就 to the first few moments after the Big Bang, and that is a tremendous achievement,
这是现代科学的伟大成就 it's the great achievement of modern science.
但是就像”谁创造了神？” But just as the origin of the gods themselves is
这个在印度教古老经文上的问题 questioned in the ancient Hindu hymns and the Rigveda then
我们面对着一个问题，非常深奥的问题 so we are faced with a question, a very profound question -
谁创造了大自然的规则？ who wrote the rules of the game,
大自然规则的起源在哪里？ what is the origin of the laws of nature?
宇宙本身的起源呢？ What is the origin of the universe itself?
大爆炸之前是什么？ What went before the Big Bang?
这个问题把我们带到另一个世界 It's a question that takes us to another world entirely.
武士刀既锋利且强韧 A samurai sword is both sharp and strong.
可以一刀斩断你的身体 Able to cut a body in half...
也可以精准的切断一根头发 .but precise enough to slice through a single hair.
月山贞利 是制作武士刀的大师 Gassan Sadatoshi is a master sword maker.
他的家族已经制作武士刀长达８００年 His family have been making swords for over 800 years.
武士刀是非常独特的
可以说武士刀是日本精神的象征
第一步是要降低生铁中的碳含量 The first stage is to reduce the carbon content of the raw material.
如果太少的碳，会太软 If there's too little carbon it'll be soft,
如果太多则会变脆 but too much and it'll be brittle.
这是一个讲求高度精确的过程 This is all a remarkably high-precision process,
每一件他们做的事，都决定能不能做出一把完美的刀 everything that they're doing matters to make the perfect sword.
就连每一鎚所产生的力道强度都很重要 And even the force with which they hammer down matters,
那帮助设定一个精确的成份混合比率 that helps set the precise mixture of ingredients,
他们的目标是让那块金属的碳含量达到精准的0.7% and they're aiming for precisely 0.7% carbon in that steel.
不断重覆折叠鎚打烧红的铁块，让铁和碳混合 Repeated heating and layering mixes the iron and carbon
让成份更加均一 so the block is uniform.
这个过程可长达数周 This process can take weeks.
最后一步是要让刀锋硬化 The final stage is to harden the cutting edge of the sword,
这个过程叫淬火 a process called quenching.
淬火对刀匠来说是最让人紧张的部份
你必须要灌注你的灵魂到金属之中
以武士刀来说，如果所有的原素成份都正确 In the case of a Japanese sword, if you get all the ingredients right,
完美精准的碳铁比例 the precise mixture of iron and carbon,
如果温度掌控的对，鎚打的力道对 if you get the temperature right, you get the hammering right,
所有的事都做到完美，经过一年的时间，你就可以得到一把完美的刀 everything right, over a year, then you get the perfect sword.
现在，以宇宙来说，成份并不是像 Now, in the case of the universe the ingredients aren't things
碳和铁这样的东西，成份是一串数字 ike iron and carbon, of course, the ingredients are a set of numbers,
它们叫做自然常数，数字像是 they're called constants of nature, they're things like the strength
重力的强度、光的速度，和粒子的质量 of gravity, the speed of light and the masses of the particles.
而它们也要求精准 And they also require precision.
它们必须被设定的恰到好处 They have to be set in just the right way
如果你想要让宇宙能支持生命 if you want a universe that supports life.
同样来说，武士刀会不够强韧 In the same way that a samurai sword would be weakened
如果原料成份不同的话。 if the ingredients were different, the universe might be unable
宇宙可能会无法支持生命，如果自然常数被改变 to support life if the constants of nature were somehow altered.
现在，假设我是全知全能的神，很明显我不是， Now, if I was some all-powerful deity, which arguably I'm not,
那我就可以任意改变自然常数 then I could imagine varying all those constants of nature
看看会怎么样 to see what happened.
我可以想像一个很大的操控板，有小小的旋钮在上面 I could imagine some great big control board with little knobs on it.
其中一个控制重力的强度，其中一个 One of them changes the strength of gravity, the next one changes
控制电子的质量，下一个则控制光的速度 the mass of the electron, the next one changes the speed of light.
问题是，我可以改变的范围有多少？ And the question is how much freedom do I have
如果我想要让生命可以存在的话？ if I want living things to exist?
答案是，范围非常非常小 The answer is, not very much freedom at all.
如果我增加了大爆炸之后重力的强度 If at the Big Bang the strength of gravity were increased
那么宇宙会自身往内塌缩 then the universe would have collapsed in on itself
就没有时间来演化生命 before life had time to evolve.
如果我减少重力的强度，这样的话 But if the strength of gravity were decreased then galaxies
星系就不会形成，就不会有恒星、行星，也不会有生命 wouldn't form, so there'd be no planets, no stars and no life.
如果我减慢光的速度，只是一点点 If you decrease the speed of light by just a few percent
我们的宇宙就没有碳原素 our universe would have no carbon in it.
增加速度的话，也是一点点 Increase it by about the same amount
我们的宇宙就不会有氧元素 and our universe would have no oxygen.
因为我们不知道为什么这些自然常数是那样子 Because we have no idea why the constants are the values that they are
所以我们觉得它很神秘，你可能会问像是这样的问题 then we're presented with something of a mystery, because you can ask the question,
如果都是随机的，如果宇宙真的就是 well, if it's just random, if indeed the universe began and somehow
胡乱选中这些随机的数字。想想，那我们有多幸运？ these random numbers got chosen, then how lucky are we that we exist?
我们有多幸运活在一个这种设定下的宇宙 How lucky are we that we live in a universe where those constants
设定的刚好能让星系形成，星星闪耀 are just right to allow galaxies to from and stars to shine
炭原素在恒星内部形成 and elements like carbon to form in the hearts of stars?
那么，这一串数字不可思议的精准度，该怎么解释？ So what could account for the uncanny precision of this set of numbers?
你好，我可以买一张吗？ Hello, can I have just one? Yeah.
谢谢 Thank you.
想想看，我们的宇宙，有着这些无数美丽的自然规则 You know, our universe, with all its beautiful laws of nature
然后有一天变成了固定的常数。这真是不可思议的幸运 and its finely tuned constants, feels incredibly lucky.
就好像是我买了一张彩卷，然后中了头奖 I mean, it's like buying a lottery ticket and winning the lottery,
奇怪的地方在这里，因为这就像 but it's stranger than that, because it's like winning
中了头奖的彩卷是唯一发行过的一张彩卷 the lottery in which only one ticket was ever printed.
当然，彩卷不会只发行一张 But that's of course not how a lottery works.
没错，这张彩卷让我中头奖的机率 Yes, it is extremely unlikely that I'll win the lottery
看来是非常的小。但是还有其他几百万张彩卷 with this ticket, but there are millions of tickets printed
所以说有某个人可能会中头奖，并不让人惊讶 so it's not surprising at all that someone wins it.
我们可否想像我们的宇宙和彩卷是一样的 So could we think of our universe in the same way as the lottery?
我们存在于这个完美宇宙的原因 The reason that we appear to live in a perfect universe with
有着完美的数字，完美的自然常数， the perfect numbers, the perfect constants of nature,
完美的规则。因为事实上，可能存在着数不清的， the perfect laws, is because there are in fact countless millions,
甚至可以说可能有无限个宇宙存在，每一个都有不同的 perhaps an infinite number of universes, each with different
物理定律，不同的数字，不同的自然常数 physical laws, different numbers, different constants of nature.
也许我们不用太惊讶我们活在一个完美的宇宙 Then we shouldn't be so surprised to live in the perfect universe.
这就像是彩卷一样，总有一个人会拿到正确的彩卷 It's like the lottery - somebody's got to get the right ticket,
总有一个人会中头奖 somebody's got to win it.
就像彩卷有很多张一样 Just as the lottery has many tickets,
每一张都有不同的号码 each bearing different numbers...
可能有着许多宇宙 .so there may be many universes,
每一个都有着不同的自然常数 each with different values for the constants of nature.
有的重力比较强，有的比较弱 Universes with stronger or weaker gravity,
较慢的光速或较快的光速 slower light or faster light.
这在数学上来说很有道理 Now, that might make sense mathematically
但我们真的能说 but is it really a sensible suggestion,
可能存在着无限个宇宙吗？ an infinite number of universes?
这会对现实会有什么影响？ What does that mean for reality?
三宅岛 Miyake Jima island.
3,000人住在这里，靠大海维生 3,000 people live here, making a living from the sea.
但这里不是一个理想建立家园的地方 But it's a precarious place to call home.
因为整座岛是一座活火山 Because this entire island is an active volcano.
偶尔它会喷出灼热的岩浆 Occasionally it belches forth scorching lava that
把一切挡住去路的东西都烧成灰 incinerates anything that stands in its way.
1983年的爆发之前，这本来是岛上的学校 Until an eruption in 1983, this was the island's school.
但是火山不只破坏，它也会创造 But volcanism doesn't just destroy, it also creates.
大约30,000年前，这整座岛， Around 30,000 years ago this whole island emerged
从一望无际的北太平洋浮出水面 from the vast emptiness of the North Pacific Ocean.
不是只有这一座岛，是全部的伊豆群岛 And it's not just this island, it's the whole of the Izu Archipelago
还有大部份的日本 and much of Japan.
所有的这些岛屿开始从海洋浮现 All of these islands have risen up
像是无中生有一般 out of the ocean, seemingly from nothing.
一直到现在还在发生 And it's even happening right now.
这是西之岛，一直在稳定持续的成长 This island, called Nishinoshima, has been growing steadily
从2013年11月它突然出现开始 since it suddenly appeared in November 2013.
如果我们不了解，我们可能会把这现象 If we didn't know better, we might ascribe that creation
解释为上帝的创造。但是我们了解 to the act of the gods, but we do know better
因为我们了解地质学，我们做了科学研究 because we know about geology, we've done some science,
所以我们知道岛屿的形成是火山作用 so we know that the origin of this island is volcanism.
它来自于地球核心的高热，是45亿年前 It comes from the inner heat of the Earth, which is itself a leftover
地球形成过程中，所遗留下来的残留物 from the history of its formation 4½ billion years ago.
所有我们有一套工程学，可以解释新陆地的诞生 So we have a mechanism for the creation of new land.
比较一下，和那件我们一直以来 Contrast that with the scientific explanation for the origin
最在意的事情。宇宙本身的起源 of the most important thing of all, the origin of the universe itself,
这几十年来，我们都可以很高兴的说 |and for decades we've been happy to say
宇宙是从大爆炸开始 the universe began at the Big Bang
这几乎就像我们不去问之前发生了什么 and it's almost as if we're not to ask what happened before.
之前什么有没有 There was nothing before,
没有一套工程学可以解释大爆炸的发生 there's no scientific mechanism to explain how the Big Bang occurred.
但现在有一个可信度相当高的理论 But there are now plausible theories that provide
提供了一套工程学，解释了宇宙是如何有可能从无中生有的 a mechanism for how universes might be made from apparently nothing.
所以，这个神奇的理论是如何解释 So what is this magical theory that explains
宇宙的起源，我们是怎么发现它的？ the origin of the universe, and how did we find it?
答案就是，我们称为"宇宙暴胀"的这个理论 Well, the answer is it's a theory called inflation,
其实这个理论的线索似乎一直都在那里 and really the clues to the theory were there all along,
我们只是需要去找到它 we just had to look for it.
它们就在游戏规则之中 They lie in the rules of the game.
有一条最基本的规则是这样，事情必须要发生 If there's one basic rule it's this - things have to happen.
什么也没有、空的，好像是唯一 Nothing, emptiness, is about the only thing that's
被量子力学的规则所禁止的 forbidden by the rules of quantum mechanics.
在我们的宇宙充满了有质量的粒子之前 Before our universe became filled with
它并不是空无一物的，它充满了能量 particles of matter, it wasn't empty, it was filled with energy,
就像海面一样，一直持续不断的在摆动、振荡着 and like the surface of the sea it was constantly fluctuating, rippling
这充满的能量导致了宇宙以指数增长的速率膨涨 with a form of energy that causes space to expand exponentially fast.
在这些波动中的波谷，能量驱使… At the trough of one of the waves, the energy driving
膨涨速率降低到一个程度 the expansion fell below a certain level.
于是那个区域停止暴涨，能量开始转变 So that region stopped inflating and the energy was transformed
成为今天我们在宇宙见到的粒子 into the recognisable particles of today's universe.
而这转化的过程就是我们所说的大爆炸 And that transformation is what we see as the Big Bang,
可观测宇宙的诞生 the birth of our observable universe.
"宇宙暴涨"理论是非凡的 The theory of inflation is extraordinary
但非凡的理论同时也需要非凡的证据 and extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.
这里，就是非凡的证据 Well, here is the extraordinary evidence.
这是宇宙中最古老光线的照片 This is a photograph of the oldest light in the universe
他包含了许多复杂且详细的特征 and it's got many intricate and detailed properties.
最显而易见的就是热度分布的非常平均 The most obvious one is that it's an extremely uniform glow,
几乎所有的温度都是一样的 it's almost all at the same temperature.
这个和其他所有关于远古光线的特征 This and all the other properties of this ancient light are best
是对早期宇宙加速膨涨的最好解释 explained by an inflationary expansion of the early universe.
没有人可以想到任何其他的方法可以复制这个状况 No-one has thought of any theory that can reproduce this
除了"暴涨理论" other than inflation,
这就是为什么我喜欢物理 and that is why I love physics.
这不是很了不起吗？ Isn't that remarkable?
但是就像岛屿的形成， But, just like the formation of islands or any other
和所有大自然中的工程学，暴涨不会只发生在一个宇宙 mechanism in nature, inflation needn't stop at one universe.
为什么会？ Why should it?
暴涨的过程应该是持续发生的 The process of inflation could be going on eternally,
永远在制造新的宇宙，甚至现在 always making universes, even now.
而每一个这些宇宙 And each one of these universes
就像一张张彩卷 could be like a ticket in a lottery...
上面有着不同的号码，不同的自然常数 ..bearing different numbers for constants of nature...
像是重力的强度或是光线的速度 ..such as the strength of gravity or the speed of light.
在所有的其中之一 So amongst them all...
必然有一张中了头奖的彩卷 there has to be a winning ticket.
"人类宇宙" A human universe.
这完全是无可避免的 It's absolutely inevitable.
如果"宇宙暴涨"理论是正确的，那就解释了 If the theory of inflation is correct, it explains
我们的宇宙是如何无中生有的 how our universe appeared apparently from nothing.
同时也强烈的显示了不应该只有我们这个宇宙 And it also strongly suggests that there's not just our universe
应该是巨量的，甚至无限多的宇宙 but a vast number, perhaps even an infinity of them.
我们已经知道在这个广大的宇宙中， Now we've known for a long time that we're infinitesimal specks
人类只是微不足道的生物，但是现在 n a vast universe, but now the suggestion is that
我们是微不足道的生物，身处在无限多的宇宙之一 we're infinitesimal specks in a vast infinity of universes.
我们现在这个对宇宙起源最好的理论 Our current best theory for the origin of the universe,
以实验证据做为支撑，强烈显示出， backed up by experimental evidence, suggests that there are an infinite
有着无限数量的宇宙，无限数量你和我的复制品 number of universes, an infinite number of copies of you and me,
万物的存在是不可避免的 and that the existence of the whole thing is inevitable.
没有计划，一点也不特别，你存在只是因为你必须 No purpose, nothing special, you are because you have to be.
这让你有什么感觉？ How does that make you feel?
美妙的地方就在于，没有人知道 Well, the wonderful thing is nobody knows,
没有人弄明白了，所以答案要问你自己 nobody's worked it out yet, so the answer is up to you.
你怎么想？ What do you think?
对我们样渺小的生物而言
只有通过爱才能生存在这无边无际之中
卡尔 萨根