翻译 WANG YIWEI 初校 姜太公上吊 精校 buzhidaishao 时间轴/后期 剑齿虎 字幕转制/压制 @颜沉Jessica
脱离了地球大气层 Beyond Earth's atmosphere,
生命无法存在 life is impossible.
暴露于真空空间 Exposed to the vacuum of space,
十二秒内就会失去意识 you'd be unconscious within 12 seconds...
最多能活两三分钟 ..and last little more than two minutes.
然而十多年前 And yet, for more than a decade,
我们在这样恶劣的环境里安了家 we've made this harshest of environments our home.
星城 俄罗斯
今天 在莫斯科郊区的宇航员训练基地 Today, the journey off our planet begins here
即将开启我们飞离地球之旅 in the cosmonaut training facility on the outskirts of Moscow.
我这会儿穿着宇航服 I am floating in a spacesuit
漂浮在国际空间站上方 above the International Space Station.
这无疑与 在宇宙空间的体验非常相似 It's surely as close as I'm going to get to being in space.
宇航员不得不一次l性工作数个小时 Astronauts have to do this for hours at a time,
六到八个小时的太空行走 six, seven, eight-hour spacewalks.
当航天器进入太空后 They're going to have to perform many of them
要把很多这样的模块安装到位 to install this module when it's taken up into space.
那边 是星辰号服务舱 Over there, that's the Zvezda Module -
俄罗斯宇航员的居住舱 the Russian habitation module.
就是他们睡觉 吃饭的地方 It's where the cosmonauts sleep, you know, where they eat,
相当于太空休息室 it's their lounge in space.
简直难以置信 对吧 You can just imagine, can't you?
想象地球就在那儿绕着曲线 You can imagine the Earth stretching out over there,
渐行渐远 curving away.
简直妙不可言 I think it would be wonderful.
太棒了 So wonderful.
就感觉自己刚完成了众多夙愿中的一个 It's kind of one of those things you always dream of, you know.
总之我完成了在外太空 I díd anyway - doing a spacewclk
空间站上的太空行走 ..out in space on the Space Station.
自2000年11月2日 Since 2nd November, 2000,
我们第一次长途跋涉 when the first expedition arrived
抵达之后 国际空间站便被我们长期使用 the International Space Station has been continuously occupied...
一直是群星闪耀下 人类永恒的前哨 ..humanity's permanent outpost amongst the stars.
在我看来 这对人类来说意味着 You know, for me, this defines what it means to be human -
贯穿地球的整个生命史 throughout the whole history of life on Earth,
所有那些曾在陆海空 of all the creatures that have ever lived in the oceans
生存的生物 and the land or in the sky,
唯独人类做到了 离开自己的家园 only one has ever made it off its home world.
那我们为什么要孤独地到外太空冒险 So why is it that we alone have ventured out into space?
我们又特殊在哪里 What is it that makes us special?
就我们所知 人类在宇宙中独一无二 As far as we know, we humans are unique in the universe
我们是谁
身处何地
只有我们逐渐提升能力 ..the only creatures to have developed the ability to ask
我们是否独一无二
我们从何而来
去探索宇宙环境 deep questions about the cosmos...
又将向何处去
设身处地思考 ..and ponder our place within it.
人类宇宙
或许我们想了解的根本问题 Perhaps the most fundamental question we've asked
就是自己是如何进化来的 is how do we become who we are,
是借助于外太空的先进文明吗 a space-faring civilisation?
是什么驱使我们从猿到人 What drove our ascent from ape to man...
从文明拂晓进入到 ..and from the dawn of civilisation...
繁荣灿烂的阶段 ..to the stars?
从猿人
到太空人
喀萨高原 埃塞俄比亚
故事要从埃塞俄比亚讲起 It's a story that begins in Ethiopia,
人类的起源 where our story began.
高山上的狒狒 High in the mountains
为我们探寻自身的起源提供了机会 lives a creature that allows us to glimpse our origins.
你不能明目张胆地盯着狒狒看 You're not supposed to look baboons in the eye,
所以我得小心地接近它们 so I'm going to just approach them carefully.
我觉得它是打喷嚏 并不是警示性的呼喊 I think that was a sneeze rather than a warning cry.
这些是狮尾狒 These are gelada baboons -
仅存于埃塞俄比亚高原的一种旧大陆猴 they're a species of Old World monkey found only here in the Ethiopian highlands.
大概2500万 到3000万年以前 And we and the other great apes share a common ancestor with them,
我们和这种类人猿有着共同的祖先 around 25 to 30 million years ago,
所以 从进化角度来看 so, in evolutionary terms,
我们同属高级灵长类 we belong to the same group - the higher primates.
所以你渴望知道的 自身起源的答案 So I suppose if you want a simple answer to the question -
显而易见 who are we?
就是它们当中一员 It's one of them.
狮尾狒并不是真正的狒狒 The geladas aren't true baboons.
事实上 它们是目前非洲生存过的 They are, in fact, the last remaining species of a group of primates
最成功的灵长类动物 that was once one of the most successful in Africa.
总之 虽然不是我们的至亲 Alfhough 1'hey'r'e nof our closesf cousins, by ony meuns,
但它们有非人灵长类中最为复杂的社会关系 they have the most complex social system of any non-human primates,
其群居个体数可多达500 they live in groups of up to 500.
它们也具备所有非人灵长类动物中 They also have the most complex vocalisations
最复杂的发声系统 of any non-human primate.
它们在攻击 防御和安抚 They have sounds for attack and defence,
感到危险以及恳求时都有不同的叫声 also reassurance, sounds for danger, also solicitation.
并且将其组合起来发出一长串的叫声 And they'll string them together into long sequences.
除去所有灵长类动物的相似之处 But for all the similarities with the other primates,
它们与人类间无疑有着巨大的鸿沟 there is clearly a huge gulf between them and us.
当你瞥见它们做出类人的行为时 And whilst you see glimpses of human-like behaviour,
并没有我们那样的复杂内涵 there's nothing anywhere near as sophisticated as us.
而狮尾狒所有复杂的发音系统 And, er, gelada, for all their sophisticated vocalisations,
你无法将其当做语言来看待 have nothing that you could even remotely refer to as language.
所以很明显 我们还有别的特质 So it's obvious that we have something extra.
自打我们从共同的祖先分支后 Since we split from our common ancestor
狮尾狒便逐渐退居到高地 the geladas have retreated into the highlands.
而人类的智力和生活方式正潜移默化地变化 But our intelligence and way of life have changed unrecognisably.
我们继续征服着地球的每一个角落 We've gone on to colonise every corner of the Earth...
甚至是外太空 and beyond.
兹怀湖 埃塞俄比亚
自打我记事以来
族人就住在这里
所罗门·特斯费是家住埃塞俄比亚中部的奥罗莫人 Solomon Tesfay is one of the Oromo people of central Ethiopia.
他们自十六世纪来到这里 They've been fishing the lake's rich waters
就在水量充沛的兹怀湖里捕鱼 since they arrived here in the 16th century.
父亲教我怎样去捕鱼
各种捕鱼技巧
我花了很多功夫才学会
可不能一到湖里就开始捕鱼
制作复杂的工具 Constructing complicated tools,
比如小船 渔网和宇宙飞船 like boats, nets and spaceships
这种能力是为人类心智所独有 is a skill unique to the human mind.
而且这种能力被认为出现在最早期的 And this ability is thought to have emerged for the very first time
环湖群山之中 in the hills around the lake.
这地方叫盖德毛塔 This area's known as Gademotta,
是利福特峡谷谷底抬升形成的 it's a volcanic ridge pushed up from the floor of the Rift Valley
一个古老火山口 to form an ancient caldera.
二十五万多年前 Over a quarter of a million years ago,
这里是一群早期人类的家园 this was home to a group of early humans,
他们被湖吸引来到这里 attracted here by the lake,
但更吸引他们的是黑曜石 but also by this stuff - obsidian.
黑曜石是由于岩浆 Obsidian is volcanic glass
迅速冷却自然形成的火山玻璃 formed spontaneously by rapidly cooling lava.
但是一些散落到地上的碎块 But some of the fragments that litter the ground here
成分一点也不自然 are far from natural.
的确很硬啊 Quite difficult, actually.
你也不想一整天都耗在这却亳无所获 You don't want to be working it the whole day and not produce anything,
约纳坦 萨勒 加州大学伯利克里分校
其实这样的区域是敲击的理想位置 so something like this will be an ideal striking platform.
好吧 你做起来好像很简单 Right, so you made that look easy.
我现在怎么做呢 What am I looking to do now?
首先 你要想好成品形状 So you first visualise what you want,
是将其打造成一个矛头 you are looking for a spear out of this flake.
那么你就得打磨边缘 把它变薄 So you will need to work around the edge, thin this down
因为要让它成为矛头的边缘 because they're going to be the edges of the spear point.
考古学家在盖德毛塔已发现了数百种黑曜石刀尖 Archaeologists have uncovered hundreds of obsidian spear points at Gademotta,
有些矛的年代甚至在二十五万年前 some of which were made more than 250,000 years ago,
这是已发现矛中最古老的一种 'the oldest of their kind ever found.'
-只是随便敲打边角还比较容易的 -是的 -It's kind of easy to just randomly knock a piece off. -Yeah.
-但真正开始打磨形状的时候就困难了 -是 -But then when you start actually crafting the shape... -Yeah.
然后你要这样去打 So it's hit the angle, here.
哦 我懂了 哦 是啊 Oh, I see, there. Oh, yeah.
就是这样 Yes.
看起来这个需要头脑发达的生物完成 I can see that this takes... takes an intelligent animal to craft
-因为需要集中精力且花费时间 -是的 -because it takes concentration and dedication. -Yes.
-而且你还要意识到自己在干什么 -对 -And you need to know exactly what you're doing. -Yes.
得老老实实坐下来 还要有耐心 And you need to sit here and do it and have patience,
-还得能想象出实物的形状 -很明显是这样 -and be able to visualise the shape. -Yes, definitely.
但加工矛头 'But fashioning the spear's point
还只是制造武器的第一步 'is just the first stage in constructing a weapon
它还得能像标枪那样投入空中 'that would have flown through the air like a javelin.'
刀尖需要通过兽皮来固定到木棍上 This would have been attached to a wooden piece by some animal skin
这被认为是很好的胶水 and it's thought some kind of glue.
这件武器是个复杂的事物 So this whole weapon is a complex thing,
你必须去想象原本不存在的东西 you've got to imagine something that doesn't exist -
矛是由各种不同的材料做成 a spear made out of all sorts of different materials.
这对个体来说 构想过程简直太复杂了 It's an object that's too complicated for a single individual
用个体的一生也做不出来 to conceive of and to build in a single lifetime.
制作这样一件武器需要众多的个体在一起合作 An object like this requires lots of individuals working together
并且一代一代传承下去 and also passing information on from generation to generation,
所以 随着时间的推移 就能做出好的矛 so, over time, better spears can be constructed.
这需要多种交流方式 That requires some means of communication,
或许是某种古老的语言 probably some kind of primitive language.
所以这是我们发现的最早的物证 So this is the earliest physical evidence we've found
证明那时人们已经能像我们这样思考 of minds that think like ours.
但那不只是人类进化中至关重要的一步 What happened here wasn't just a pivotal moment in human evolution.
也是迈向更重要后续的一个转折点 It was a turning point in a grander story.
对于宇宙的绝大部分岁月而言 For the vast majority of the age of the universe,
这块岩石中原子的故事 the story of the atoms in this rock
同我体内的原子差不多 was the same as the story of the atoms in my body.
它们是大爆炸后 130亿8千万年前锻造而成 They were forged 13.8 billion years ago, moments after the Big Bang
较重的就会聚集在老早死亡的恒星中心 the heavier ones were assembled in hearts of long-dead stars.
4亿8千万年前 它们在重力作用下坍塌 And 4.8 billion years ago, they collapsed under their own gravity
形成了太阳系 to form the solar system -
当时只是个充满气体和岩石的炙热球体 a glowing ball of gas and some bigger rocks.
我们都知道 尽管宇宙威严雄伟 And for all we know, despite all its majesty,
但这夜空也不过是 that's all the night sky is -
充满气体和岩石的炙热球体汇聚而成的 just a collection of glowing balls of gas and some rocks.
不过 大约25万年前 一团原子被人们发现 But then, around 250,000 years ago, a clump of atoms became aware -
人们观察黑曜石后将其拿来做矛 it looked to the rock and saw a spear.
在宇宙上千亿个星系中 In one of the universe's hundred billion galaxies...
有一个星系拥有两千亿颗星球 orbiting one of that galaxy's 200 billion stars...
在一颗渺小且不起眼的蓝绿色行星上 on a small, seemingly insignificant, blue-green planet...
宇宙中的一个微小部分开始觉醒 a tiny part of the cosmos had become conscious.
那么氢原子是如何在洪荒之初产生的呢 But how did hydrogen atoms forged at the beginning of time come to wake up?
氢原子又是如何在25万年前 And how was it in only a quarter of a million years,
也就是宇宙时间的十万分之一 that's a thousandth of 1% of the age of the universe,
被拿来制造武器 又转变到 those atoms went from building weapons out of stone
打造宇宙飞船 to constructing spacecraft?
我们从猿人进化成太空人的触发器 The trigger for our transformation from apeman to spaceman
不是在地球上 can be found not on Earth,
而是在夜空中 but glimpsed in the night sky.
亚丁湾
海洋就像我的发妻
她就是我的一切
人不离海 海不离人
几个世纪以来 东非的航海者 For centuries, the seafaring peoples of East Africa
依靠海洋得以幸存 have relied on the ocean for their survival.
你不得不接受水手们的生活
这并不像你离家外出旅行那般舒适安逸
但露天航行也是宏伟壮观的
像阿布杜拉·艾哈迈德·穆罕穆德这样的航海家 Sailors like Abdullah Ahmed Mohammed established trade routes across
在星星的指引下 the Indian Ocean...
其航线横穿印度洋 ..guided by the light of the stars.
北极星是我们通常使用的
因为它是最明亮的 尤其位置还不会发生变化
永恒不变
北极星 来自北方的明星 Polaris, the north star,
几乎是静止在夜空之中 appears stationary in the night sky
因为它几乎就在地球的自转轴上 because it's the line directly on the axis about which the Earth revolves.
但抛开其表象 它远不是一成不变的 But despite its appearance, it's far from constant.
2000年后 仙王座γ星会处在北极点的位置 In 2,000 years, another star, Gamma Cephei, will sit over the Pole
北极星也会像其他星星一样进行弧线运动 and Polaris will arc through the sky like the others.
因为地球是个不规则的球体 Because the Earth isn't a perfect sphere,
月球引力与太阳的作用 the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun
使得地球的旋转轴发生倾斜 causes the Earth's axis to wobble.
北极就在那 自转轴的指向碰巧就是 North is over there, the axis is pointing, by coincidence,
我们所说的北极星 北方明星 toward the star that we call Polaris, the north star.
但在未来几千年内 But in just a few thousand years,
当地球自转轴开始移动 as the axis begins to move,
北极就会在空中指向不同的位置 the Earth's North Pole will point to a different place in the sky.
我们认为地轴会发生变化 The Earth's axis is said to precess,
每27000年 就会在空中"画"出一个圆圈 tracing out a circle in the sky once every 27,000 years.
但这个变化不仅改变我们对星星的看法 But precession doesn't just alter our view of the stars,
还会改变冬夏时节到来时的地球轨道 it changes the point in the planet's orbit at which summer and winter occur.
影响地球夏冬季节太阳光的吸收量 And that affects the amount of sunlight that falls on the Earth in summer and winter,
对气候也会产生各种各样的影响 and that has an effect on the climate, it makes it vary.
但是太阳系远比这复杂深奥 But the solar system is way more complicated than that.
地球受到多种不同力量的牵引 The Earth is subjected to many different gravitational pulls and tugs,
并不仅仅是来自木星 not least from the planet Jupiter.
这些都会使地球改变其自转轨道 And that has the effect of changing the Earth's orbit itself.
现在最重要的变化 Now, the most important change
就是大约以40万年为周期 is over a time period of around 400,000 years,
地球公转的这个椭圆形轨道 where the Earth's orbit, the ellipse itself,
不断变大再变小 变大 再变小 gets bigger and smaller and bigger and smaller.
每过40万年 地球轨道上的变化 Every 400,000 years, these variations in the Earth's orbit
会扩大这一进程的影响 conspire to amplify the effects of precession.
在地球上的某地 And in one place on Earth,
地形使得这种差值变得更大 the planet's geography amplifies them still further,
从而导致快速和极端的气候变化 to produce periods of rapid and extreme climate fluctuation.
一千万年以前 10 million years ago,
地球上都是覆盖着浓密森林的平原 this area was a flat plain covered in thick,dense forest,
这对我们生活在树林里的祖先来说 which made it the perfect place for our early,
是个绝佳的地方 tree-dwelling ancestors.
然后 当时的火山运动将地面抬起 But then, around that time, volcanic activity raised the land up,
有些地方被抬高了三千米 in places by over three kilometres,
就形成了… to form this -
东非大裂谷 the Great Rift Valley.
在地球转到近日点的时候 During those times when the Earth's orbit was at its most elliptical,
东非大裂谷就会迎来充沛的降水 the Rift Valley would experience intense rainfall...
然后就会遍布星星点点的深水湖泊 ..and deep lakes would appear dotted all over the landscape.
之后不过几千年 情况就又会改变 And then, within just a few thousand years, conditions would change.
这里会变得干旱贫瘠 湖泊也会消失 It would become dry and arid and those lakes would disappear.
我们认为 就是这次急速的气候变化 It's thought that it was this rapidly-changing environment
加速了我们由猿进化到人的历程 that drove our transformation from ape to man.
我们这么认为的原因 And the reason we think that
是因为我们发现了散播在谷底的证据 is because we found the evidence strewn across the valley floor...
首先是我们的早期祖先 ..beginning with our early ancestors,
在裂谷初期居住所留下的遗迹 who settled in the newly-formed rift.
三百万年前 Three million years ago,
在东非生活着一个同名异物的物种叫南方古猿 the homonym species that could be found in East Africa was Australopithecus.
它们看起来很凶猛 It's a kind of a grim-looking chap.
它们和能够直立的黑猩猩不同 This is really not much more than a chimpanzee that stands upright,
尤其是在脑容量上 大约有四百亳升 certainly in brain capacity. Its brain volume is around 400cc.
之后 180万年后 But then, 1.8 million years ago,
人类的进化向前跨了一大步 something spectacular happens.
同名异物的物种渐渐分化 You get an explosion of homonym species,
包括这种 including this...
脑容量是南方古猿两倍的直立人 ..Homo erectus, with a brain size that is double Australopithecus.
然后 80万年前 出现了这种物种 Then, 800,000 years ago, this species appears,
即海德堡人 Homo heidelbergensis,
它们的脑容量发展也很快 accompanied by another rapid increase in brain size,
从800亳升到了大约1200亳升 from 800cc to around 1,200cc.
然后 到了二十万年前 Then, we wind forward to 200,000 years ago,
这个头骨 This skull,
叫做奥莫II号 called Omo II,
他的脑容量大致在1400至1500亳升之间 with a brain size of around 1,400-1,500cc,
这和我的脑容量很接近了 which is close to my brain size.
所以这就是我们发现的 So this is one of the first skulls
第一个现代人的头骨 that you can say is a modern human.
有趣的是 每一次脑容量的增大 Interestingly, each one of these increases in brain size
都发生在地球轨道最扁的时候 occurred at a time when the Earth's orbit was at its most elliptical...
以及气候不稳定的时候 ..and the climate at its most volatile.
我们得出的结论就是 So the theory is that human intelligence,
我们人类的智慧 our intelligence,
是在气候急剧变化时期所作出的反应 is a response to periods of very rapid and violent climate change,
尤其就是在这个东非大裂谷里 specifically, here in the Rift Valley of East Africa.
同时 也就是宇宙中的这个角落 And that ultimately, it was the precise geography of our corner of the universe
成就了今天的我们 that made us who we are.
我不得不为这样一个想法而惊叹 You know, I find it quite dizzying, a very powerful thought,
我的存在 我大脑的存在 that my existence, the existence of my brain,
我们的存在 我们种族 现代人的存在 the existence of us, our species, Homo sapiens,
都是地球自转轨道发生改变的结果 was a result of changes in the Earth's orbit,
地球自转轨道的变化取决于精确的位置 which depend on the precise position and orbits
以及太阳系另一颗行星的运行轨道 of the other planets in the solar system,
并且地球自转轴的移动方式 the way that the Earth's spin axis moves around,
取决于月球的质量与位置 which depends on the position and mass of the moon
以及太阳的质量与位置 and the position and mass of the sun
这些都会对地球的气候带来影晌 and the influence of those changes on the climate here on Earth
尤其是像这样的地方 and, in particular, that there's a place,
竟然能以这样的一种方式将巨变的影响扩大 like this, that can amplify those changes in just such a way
使生存的物种 我的祖先 that it makes living things, my ancestors,
以增加脑容量和提升智慧的方式作出反应 respond by increasing their brain size, increasing their intelligence.
这些大脑将我们和其他灵长类生物区分开来 It's these brains that separate us from the other primates.
它曾经使我们适应了急剧波动的气候 They evolved in response to rapidly-fluctuating climate,
现在又使我们有能力 去征服地球上的各种环境 and now they enable us to colonise every environment on the planet.
阿贝湖 吉布提
在达纳吉尔洼地的中心 At the heart of the Danakil Depression,
塑造了大裂谷的火山活动依然活跃 the volcanism that sculpted the Great Rift is still active...
造就了地球上最贫瘠的一些区域 ..creating some of the harshest conditions on Earth.
然而 就在这里 Yet, it's here
阿法尔人建造了他们的家园 that the Afar people have made their home.
我叫亚丁·阿里 已经78岁了
我在这儿生活了一辈子
这里生活艰辛 非常炎热
没人能独自在此生存
为了在这里生存 阿法尔人充分利用了 that the Afar people have made their home.
大脑赋予他们先辈的能力 that large brains gave those very first humans...
团队协作的能力 the ability to club together in groups...
制作工具 采集食物和建造住所的能力 develop tools and technologies to provide food and shelter...
适应这种饮食与生活习惯的能力 the ingenuity to adapt their diet and lifestyle...
也许最重要的能力是 and, perhaps most crucially of all,
在这种艰苦的环境下 the ability to pass the secrets of surviving
在一代代人之间 in this most unforgiving of environments...
传递生存秘诀的能力 ..down the generations.
阿法尔人说 你的眼睛符合你的年龄
但你的耳朵却是你父亲那个年龄段的
你的眼睛能观察当下
你的耳朵却能洞悉过去
圣保罗医院 亚迪斯亚贝巴
这就是我们的大脑 This is it, the human brain
也许看上去不像 and it might not look like it,
但它是目前我们 but it's the most complex
所了解到的宇宙中 physical structure we know of,
最复杂的身体组织 anywhere in the universe.
平均每颗人脑中 There are over 80 billion neurons
有800亿个神经元 in the average human brain.
那与银河系中的恒星 That's comparable to the number
数目相当 of stars in a galaxy.
也许那都不够来描述它的复杂性 That doesn't even begin to describe its complexity.
那些神经元之间 Those neurons form connections
有1万到10万的 between 10,000
通向其他神经元 Those neurons form connections
之间的连接 to other neurons
就是通过这种复杂的环路系统 and it's from that complex circuitry
造就了人类的身体机能 that the human condition emerges.
一切造就我们的 Everything that makes us who we are
都来自于这个3.5千克的大脑 comes from this kilogram and a half of matter
它存在于每个曾在地球上 that resides in the skull of every human
直立行走人类的头骨中 that has ever walked the Earth.
那我们究竟是谁 So who are we?
一个合理的解释就是 Well, a possible answer is that
我们是由这样一团 we are something that emerges
内部存在脑电活动的 from electrical activity inside this
难以置信的复合物促成 impossibly complex blob of matter.
我爱埃塞俄比亚 You know, I love Ethiopia
不仅仅因为这是个漂亮的国家 and not just because it's a beautiful country
还因为一个想法 but because of an idea.
坐在这里 It's impossible to sit here
你的眼前必然会浮现一串 and not catch a glimpse out of your peripheral vision
千秋万代之前的 自己长辈的幻影 of a line of ghosts stretching back 10,000 generations
因为我们都和20万年前生活在这里的人 because we are all related to someone who lived here
有关联 200,000 years ago.
早期的智人和我们并没有很大的不同 And those first Homo sapiens weren't that different to us -
我们在很多方面是一样的 in many ways they were the same.
如果你能从大裂谷带一个智人新生儿 So if you could bring a newborn baby from the Rift Valley
来到如今的21世纪 all those years ago to the 21st century
使其接受21世纪的教育 and subject it to a 21st-century education,
那他必然能够实现一个现代儿童 then there's no reason why it couldn't achieve anything
所能做到的一 切 that a modern child could achieve.
甚至成为一名宇航员 It could even be an astronaut.
大脑能让我们离开地球 The brains that take us off our planet...
建造宇宙飞船 that build spacecraft...
使我们生活在宇宙的真空空间 ..and enable us to live in the vacuum of space...
这与25万年前在东非打磨出矛的 ..are the same brains that once fashioned spear points
那个大脑 别无二致 on the plains of Africa a quarter of a million years ago.
但如果我们的大脑自首次进化之后 But if those brains have barely changed
几乎没多少变化 since we first evolved,
那又是什么将我们从大裂谷 what was it that took us from the Rift Valley
带到外太空去生活 to living amongst the stars?
通向文明的道路始于6万年前 The road to civilisation began 60,000 years ago
现代人类第一次离开非洲之时 when modern humans first left Africa.
月亮谷 约旦
先人们向北穿过中东的沙漠 They moved north through the deserts of the Middle East,
开创了今天贝多因人还在使用的线路 forging the routes the Bedouin still use to this day.
两千年前 2,000 years ago,
约旦沙漠的这一部分是纳巴泰人的家 this part of the Jordanian desert was home to the Nabataeans
而且千年以来 and, for millennia,
他们一直过着游牧生活 they lived a nomadic lifestyle,
他们住在帐篷里 赶着骆驼群 so living under canvas and driving their camel
沿着沙漠里蜿蜒的古贸易之路行走 trains along the ancient trade routes that snaked across the desert.
到公元前150年的某个时期 But some time around 150 BC,
他们决定尝试去做出改变 they decided to try something different.
这里是纳巴泰人伟大的首都佩特拉古城 This is the Nabataeans' great capital, Petra.
这见证了他们放弃传统的游牧生活 It stands testament to the moment they abandoned their traditional way of life
在沙漠中建立自己文明的伟大一刻 and built a civilisation in the desert.
这大概是佩特拉城最出名的建筑 This is probably the most famous building in Petra,
它叫卡兹尼神殿 是宝盒的意思 it's called Al Khazneh, which means treasure box,
据一个贝多因传说 after a Bedouin legend
一个法老曾将一个宝藏盒藏在这里 that a Pharaoh hid an urn of treasure there.
尽管它的功能因长时间埋藏在黄沙下而丧失 Although its precise function is lost beneath the sands of time,
这些建筑的庞大规模却提供了更加深远的意义 the sheer scale of these buildings serves a far deeper purpose.
纪念性建筑是人类文明中的典型特征 Monumental architecture is a key feature of human civilisation -
是权利与庄严的象征 a statement of power and grandeur.
它巩固了这个地区的统诒 It cements the place of the rulers
从而加强了稳固与安定 and therefore provides stability and security.
这是通向佩特拉古城的主要通道之一 And this is one of the main ceremonial routes into Petra,
但是这里并不是商人的入口 but this isn't the tradesmen's entrance, you know,
只有来自美索不达米亚 罗马和埃及的古代贵族 dignitaries, important people from across the ancient world,from Mesopotamia,
以及显赫人物才能从这里进入佩特拉城 from Rome and Egypt would have entered Petra here.
不妨想象它是什么样子吧 Just imagine what it would have been like.
这个城市坐落在古贸易路线上 将各类商品 The city sat on a trade route which brought wood and spices
木材 香料 焚香和染料 从非洲和印度 and incense and dyes up from Africa and India
前往地中海 and into the Mediterranean,
单是黑胡椒 black pepper alone
进入到罗马市场 fetched 40 times
价格就能提升至原来的40倍 its own weight in gold in a Roman market,
这个城市控制着所有的贸易 and this city controlled all that trade
并从中收取商税 and they taxed it.
城市对面的山坡上 每一块石头 Every rock you see on every hillside right across the city
其实都是砖块 is not actually a rock, it's a brick
因为这些山坡上建满了 because these hillsides would have been covered
房屋 寺庙和宫殿 with houses and temples and palaces.
然后所有的石头表面都刷上了白石灰 And then all these stone facades would have been covered in white plaster
再涂上鲜艳的颜色 and painted bright colours
不仅仅是寺庙和房屋 每座山上的坟墓也会这样 and not only the temples and houses but every tomb on every mountainside -
因而这个城市就会变得非常华丽 this city would have been a magnificent sight.
在山顶上 佩特拉城拥有3万人口 At its peak, Petra had a population of 30,000...
但今天这里荒无人烟 ..but today it lies empty and abandoned,
这样的光景已然1500多年 as it has for nearly 1,500 years.
这里现在只有少数贝多因的部族居民 Its only occupants a handful of Bedouin tribespeople
他们在废墟之上建筑了自己的家园 who've made their home amongst the ruins.
所以是什么使得古纳巴泰人能够在沙漠里 So what was it that enabled the ancient Nabataeans to support
建立起这样的大都市呢 a metropolis here in the desert?
纳巴泰人是流体工程学专家 The Nabataeans were masters of fluid engineering
事实上 他们不会浪费一滴雨水 and virtually every drop of rainwater
他们在岩石上凿出凹槽 that fell on this landscape was captured
用来引水 从而将其保存在 and channelled in grooves that they cut into the rock
像这样的巨大水库和水池里 and stored in giant reservoirs and cisterns like this one.
他们比罗马人更善于水利建设 They were better at plumbing than the Romans,
他们最早发明了增压水系统 they had the first ever pressurised water system
他们用这个系统每天往佩特拉城 and they used it to deliver 12 million gallons of water
运送1200万加仑的水 every day into the city of Petra.
由于谨慎地管理宝贵的水资源 By carefully managing this precious resource,
纳巴泰人维持着城市的运转 the Nabataeans sustained their city
并使它在7个世纪里繁荣昌盛 and flourished here for seven centuries...
因为在那时 水资源是维持文明的支柱 ..because with water came the thing that underpins all civilisation.
旱晨来到农地 我心情很好
它带来了生命 给予人类最大的收益
如果劳动力和工具都完备
而目还有水
人们就能耕种庄稼
阿里·阿卜杜拉是世界上最早的农业国 Ali Abdullah is part of the farming tradition that goes back further than anywhere in the world...
因为就是在1万1千5百年前的肥沃月湾上 ..because it was here in the fertile crescent 11,500 years ago
在农业出现之后 that the first agriculture emerged...
最早的文明也诞生了 closely followed by the first civilisations.
对于文明进程来说 The reason agriculture is so important
农业很重要的原因在于 for the development of civilisation
它可以养活某个区域大量的人口 is because it supports large numbers of people in one place.
农业还带来很多空闲时间 It also frees up people's time -
他们无需整天在土地上劳作 they don't need to spend all their day toiling in the fields,
所以至少他们之中部分人可以做别的事 so at least some of them can do other things like think,
比如思考 然后成为某方面的专家 or become experts and, ultimately,
最终创造了文明 build that civilisation.
头脑把我们同其他生物区分开来 The human brain is what separates us from the other primates,
然而建设文明需要的 but building civilisations
不仅仅是单个的人 requires not just one
而是许多人团结协作 but many brains working together.
正是人们的智慧集结在一起 And it was this coming together of minds
才能够出现 that led to an innovation
可以永远改造我们的创新力量 that changed who we are for ever.
一九九三年 In 1993,
考古学家们发现了 archaeologists discovered a set
大约150卷纳巴泰人的卷轴 of around 150 Nabataean scrolls.
我们推测它们出自公元550年前后 Now they date from the last days of Petra
佩特拉城被占领的最后一段时光 as an occupied city around 550 AD.
其中最完整的一卷记录了一起发生在 And the most intact documents a court case
两名合宿牧师身上的诉讼案件 between two priests who lived together.
一名牧师想要逃跑 And one of the priests decided to run away
从卷轴上面看 and he stole from the house,
他从房子里偷走了一些东西 according to the scroll,
楼上某个房间的钥匙 a key to one of the upstairs rooms,
两根木质横梁 two wooden beams
也许是支撑屋顶的那根 that presumably held the roof up,
六只鸟和一张桌子 six birds and a table.
他有点像是纳巴泰版的神父特德 So he's a bit like a Nabataean Father Ted.
在现在看来它可能很平常 Now, mundane as it may seem,
但也可能算是 this is probably how writing began -
人类文明史中最伟大的发明了 the greatest invention in the history of human civilisation
也许这就是行政管理的起源 probably arose for admin purposes.
随着书写变得文学化 With writing came literature,
科学化 数字化和工程化 science, mathematics and engineering.
随着时间流逝 And, as time passed,
这些书写材料中的信息也在不断 so the information held in the written word
演变和进化 grew and evolved.
书写是一顶非常重要的发明 Writing was such an important innovation
因为它将信息从人类有限的 because it freed the acquisition of knowledge
记忆中抽取出来 from the limits of the human memory.
我们一旦学会记录 Once we could write things down,
大量的信息就会被传递下去 an almost unlimited amount of information could be passed,
不仅是从一代人传向一代人 not only from generation to generation,
还会从城市传向城市 but from city to city,
从国家传到国家 from country to country,
甚至跨越大洋 传播到全世界 across oceans, across the world.
这样 知识就被广泛而永久地传播 Knowledge became widespread accessible and permanent,
不会丢失 只会与日俱增 never lost and always added to.
书写创造了一个文化齿轮 Writing created a cultural ratchet,
知识爆炸式地增长 an exponentiation of the known,
这最终引领我们飞向星空 which ultimately led us to the stars.
星城 俄罗斯
在太空探索界 In the world of space exploration,
这个房间是个圣地 this room is hallowed ground
如今每一个飞向国际空间站的宇航员 because every astronaut that flies to the International Space Station today,
确实已经有很多宇航员飞向过太空 and, indeed, pretty much every astronaut that's ever flown into space,
首先是美国人 然后是苏联人 欧洲人 first American, then Russian and European,
他们都曾坐在这里 have sat at this table
在这本书上签过名 and signed this book.
这真是太珍贵了 This is so precious.
这是联盟号飞船从1969年建立的传统 It's a tradition that began in 1969 with three Soyuz crews,
联盟6号 7号 8号 Soyuz 6, 7 and 8.
当你过这些书页时 And, as you flick through the pages,
你就是在浏览宇宙探索的历史 you just turn through the history of space exploration.
1970年6月1日的这次探索 And here on a visit, 1st June 1970,
宇航员是尼尔·阿姆斯特朗 is Neil Armstrong.
每一个宇航员都想到这里 And the reason every astronaut wants to come here
并坐在这张桌子旁 and sit at this table
是因为它和这里所有的家具 is because this table,and all the furniture in the office,
所有你能看见的东西 everything you see in the office,
都是属于尤里·加加林的 belonged to Yuri Gagarin.
我没有必要告诉你我是什么感觉
当我被要求完成
这史上首次飞行时
感觉喜悦吗
不 不仅仅是喜悦
自豪吗 也不是
不仅仅是自豪
在人类史上我首次参与到
这场空前的与自然的抗争当中 感到欣喜若狂
还有谁能梦想比这还要伟大的壮举吗
刻画早期宇航员的性格很容易 You know, it's easy to characterise the early astronauts,
这些先驱宇航员们思想很简单 the pioneering test pilot astronauts, as emotionless people,
只是单纯对驾驶飞行器感兴趣 you know, people who were just interested in flying the vehicles.
但是听了尤里·加加林的话 But you only need to listen to Yuri Gagarin's words
你就能感觉到他很明白 to realise that he knew precisely
自己所做的事有多么重大的意义 the significance of what he was about to do.
但后来我想到首次涉足太空
其责任重大
这是一代代人的梦想
首次记录下人类进入宇宙
1961年4月12日 On 12th April, 1961,
我们成为了能够探索宇宙的文明 we became a space-faring civilisation.
接下来48小时 And in 48 hours,
刚刚签署加加林之书的人 the latest humans to sign Gagarin's book
要完成长距离的旅程 are due to make the long journey
然后重返地球母亲的怀抱 back to their home world.
卡拉干达 哈萨克斯坦
此处是哈萨克斯坦 在每年的这个时节 This is Kazakhstan, and certainly at this time of year,
也就是3月中旬 in mid March,
这里就是个冰雪世界 it's a massed, icy wilderness,
放眼望去 银装素裹 and it's just flat as far as the eye can see,
冰雪覆盖面积差不多有80万平方公里 and for around 800,000 square kilometres,
我们来到这里原因在于 which is basically the reason that we're here
我们是搜索与营救任务的一部分 because we're part of a search and rescue mission.
明天早晨 我们要在雪地里见到3位宇航员 Tomorrow morning we're going to meet three astronauts out there in the snow,
有架联盟号飞船从国际空间站回来了 because we're going to rendezvous with a Soyuz spacecraft
在这里我们就可以看到这架飞船 as it returns from the International Space Station.
将3名宇航员带回地球的技术 The technology that will bring those three humans back to Earth
和指引他们回归的物理学 and the physics that will guide them home
是几百年来人类科学的顶峰 is the culmination of hundreds of years of knowledge.
现在 就算我也有一些基本的物理知识 Now, even I, just knowing a bit of physics in my head,
能够想象得出宇航员如果要返回地球大气 can calculate exactly what the astronauts have to do
需要做些什么 to re-enter the Earth's atmosphere -
你要做的首先就是 all you need are the two laws written down first
写下艾萨克·牛顿的 by Isaac Newton, F = MA
万有引力定律和F=MA公式 and the universal law of gravitation.
现在 你可以从中看到的就是这样 Now, what you can show from those,
真的很简单 really simply,
这是椭圆形轨道 is that, for a circular orbit,
也就是国际空间站运行的轨道 which is what the International Space Station is basically in,
这里的转速主要是用 the velocity flying along there is given
GM除以R再开平方 M是地球的质量 by the square root of GM over R, where M's the mass of the Earth,
然后R是到地球中心的距离 and R is the distance from the centre of the Earth.
从等式中 你可以看到要想返回地球 And the equations tell you that to return to Earth,
所有的宇航员需要将 all the astronauts need to do
转速降低到每秒128米 is reduce that velocity by 128 metres per second,
然后剩下的由重力解决 and gravity will do the rest.
那么问题来了 And here is the important thing.
我能计算是因为我知道这两个公式 I can do that because I know those two equations.
为什么我会知道呢 Why do I know them?
因为我是从课本上学到的 Because I read them in a textbook
那个课本以牛顿的成果为基础 that was based on Newton's work
并发行于1687年 and published in 1687.
但是如果换成是我 But if I had to do that from scratch,
打死我也想不到这两个公式 if I had to come up with those two equations, it'd never happen.
牛顿是个天才 Newton was a genius,
他把那些问题研究了几十年 he worked for decades on those equations -
这我做不到 I would have no chance.
牛顿有句名言 他能有如此成就 Newton famously said that he built his knowledge,
是因为他站在巨人的肩膀上 his great laws, on the shoulders of giants,
也确实如此 and indeed he did.
在他之前有欧几里得 笛卡尔 It was Euclid, it was Descartes,
还有很多数学家 几何学家 it was the great mathematicians and geometers,
不仅仅是牛顿和伽利略的时代 not only of Newton's time and before Galileo,
还有欧几里得那个时代 but stretching all the way back to Euclid
以及聪慧的古希腊人 and the Ancient Greeks,
牛顿的知识储备是从书中 and he got that knowledge
从人类已有的知识中获取而来 from the written word, from books.
联盟号着陆点 晚上7点56分
这就是将要降落的地方 So, this is the place where it's going to hit the snow,
很期待明天 尽管狂风大作 hopefully tomorrow, although apparently the wind is quite high,
他们可能会取消这次着陆 so it's possible... possible they'll cancel the landing
向后推迟24小时 and move it 24 hours into the future.
我们现在就在等俄罗斯空间事务所打来的电话 We're just waiting for a phone call from the Russian Space Agency
来告诉我们联盟号会不会从空间站驶离 to tell us whether the Soyuz undocked from the Space Station.
我们现在就祈祷等待电话吧 So, fingers crossed we're going to get that phone call,
不然我们就得喝一个月的伏特加了 and otherwise we've got enough vodka for about a month.
在这里可以看到 Right here you can see
站在显眼位置休息的三名机组人员 in the foreground the three departing crew members,
左边的是谢尔盖·赖安斯基 that's Sergey Ryazansky on the left there,
中间的是奥列格·克特夫 Oleg Kotov in the middle,
在后排穿着灰色跳伞服的是迈克·霍普金 and just floating to the back, in the grey jumpsuit, is Mike Hopkins.
克特夫和赖安斯基正在作最后的道别 There are Kotov and Ryazansky, giving the final wave goodbye.
一旦舱门关上 Once the hatches are closed,
载着三名驾驶员的“联盟号”就会出发 the Soyuz, containing its three human passengers, undocks...
实体分隔已确认 Physical separation confirmed.
报时 中央标准时间晚上7点02分 Confirmed at 7.02pm central time.
然后这个小舱就会缓慢地驶向远方 ..and the tiny craft gently drifts away.
分隔 重复 一切正常 'Separation. Copying, looking good.'
联盟号着陆点 早上8点29分
这个是车上的GPS系统 This is the GPS system in the car,
它显示刚过8点30分 and it's just ticked over to 08.30
说明就在这个时候 now, so that means now, this moment,
联盟号与火箭脱离 the Soyuz is firing its rockets -
开始转变轨道 that's going to change its orbit,
之后在轨道上慢慢降速 it's going to slow it down in its orbit.
它的绕行轨道会变得更加扁 So instead of following the International Space Station
然后逐步进入地球的大气层 and orbiting around the Earth,
而不是跟随着宇宙空间站的 it takes a more elliptical orbit
运行轨道 环绕地球运行 and drops towards the Earth's atmosphere.
我们从国际空间站的 This view from external cameras
外置摄像头上可以看到 on the International Space Station
联盟号宇宙飞船 showing the entry of the Soyuz vehicle
正在迅速移动并穿越大气层 as it barrels through the Earth's atmosphere.
飞船发出白色的热气 The capsule glows white hot
是因为它降落伞打开的时候 as it slowed from 26,000
时速从26000公里一下子降到800公里 to just 800 kilometres per hour by the time its parachutes open.
我们看到这样罕见的奇观 A rare view of the Soyuz,
它正迅速冲向哈萨克斯坦的中心大草原 streaking towards the central steppe of Kazakhstan.
我想说 这是我经历过最令人激动的事情之一 I've got to say this is one of the most exciting things I've ever done,
能够在这里等待 waiting for a spaceship to return
从国际空间站飞回的飞船 这真是… from the International Space Station, it's just...
走吧 Go.
没人能在现场看到这个情景 Nobody can see it at the moment
应该在那儿 but it should be there.
没错就是在那儿 There it is, there it is.
已经到达位置 我能看见降落伞 We're right there, I can see the parachutes.
实际上 我们是首先开车到达这里的 We're the first there, we're the first vehicle there, actually,
尽管后面也来了一辆 although there's one after.
简直是举世瞩目啊 It's quite remarkable.
你能闻到一股 You can smell a faint...
烧焦的味道 这并不奇怪 ..faint burning smell, not surprisingly -
你看 烧焦了一大片 you see the, yeah, damage.
这里有层保护膜用来 Well, the sacrificial heat shield
抵挡回航带来的高温灼烧 that's burnt away to protect it on its way to re-entry.
这真是太让人激动了 This is incredible -
我简直不能相信我就站在宇宙飞船旁边 I can't believe you can just stand next to a spacecraft.
而且如果现在转身看看 But the... If you turn around now,
第一位宇航员下来了 the first astronaut's going to come out,
我想应该是机长吧 I think it's going to be the captain first.
你能看到他们所要经历的身体磨练 You can see what a physical experience it must be -
不仅仅是回航时的那一小时 not only the re-entry, which is, you know, ONLY an hour
重力加速度有四五倍 and it probably pulls four or five g,
还有在空间站生活了6个月后 but after living on the space station for six months,
要重新感受地球的重力 to feel Earth's gravity,
要重新感受这样的冷空气 to feel this cold air again, er,
他们看起来很开心 it... They look very happy,
他们在微笑 they're all smiling,
但是已经筋疲力竭 but they look absolutely knackered.
在六 七十年前 A single human lifetime ago, 60 or 70 years,
这样的一次旅程是不能想象的 this journey would have been unthinkable,
但在21世纪 这已是司空见惯 but now,in the 21st century, it's routine -
每年有四次宇航员往返太空和地球 four times a year astronauts make the journey from our permanent home in space back to planet Earth.
但对我来说 不仅仅是这样 But, to me, it's much more than that,
因为这种太空旅行 because this space travel,
这种对宇宙的探索 the exploration of the universe,
是对一种更伟大旅行的诠释 is the ultimate expression of a much grander journey.
进行了将近140亿年的宇宙演变后 After almost 14 billion years of cosmic evolution...
自地球生命出现的四百万年后 ..and some four billion years of life on Earth...
宇宙开始觉醒 ..the universe became conscious.
在短短的20万年里 And in just 200,000 years,
我们人类已经进化得非常出色 we humans have transformed ourselves beyond all recognition.
我们创造了伟大的文明 We've built great civilisations...
逐渐积累了各种知识与技能 ..accumulated knowledge and technology...
直到最终 由猿人 until, finally, apeman...
变成了太空人 ..became spaceman.
就像所有的旅程 And, like all journeys,
所有的伟大冒险一样 like all great adventures,
我们的旅程 才刚刚开始 our journey just began with a moment.